Order Code RS20927
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Federal Employees’ Retirement Benefits:
Bills in the 108th Congress
Updated April 14, 2003
Patrick J. Purcell
Specialist in Social Legislation
Domestic Social Policy Division
Summary
The Federal Employees Retirement System Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-335) requires all
federal employees initially hired into permanent positions after 1983 to be covered by
the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Federal employees hired before
1984 are covered by the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) unless they elected
to switch to FERS during “open seasons” held in 1987 and 1998. This report describes
the bills introduced in the 108th Congress that would affect participants in either CSRS
or FERS. It begins by summarizing laws enacted during the 107th Congress that affected
CSRS or FERS. This report will be updated as further legislative action occurs.
Laws Enacted in the 107th Congress
Voluntary Separation Incentive Payments. The Homeland Security Act of
2002 (P.L. 107-296) delegated to the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) authority
to review and approve requests from federal agencies to offer voluntary separation
incentive payments of up to $25,000 to employees in particular occupational groups,
organizational units, or geographic locations who retire or resign. Although the provision
was included in the Homeland Security Act, the authority to offer separation payments
(“buyouts”) applies across all agencies. Buyouts can be used by agencies seeking to
reduce their total employment or to reshape their workforce to meet critical agency needs.
Agencies seeking approval from OPM must submit a plan that describes the intended use
of the buyouts. Payments are to be made from the agencies’ regular appropriations for
salaries and are subject to all applicable federal, state, and local income taxes. They are
not included in the employee’s basic pay for purposes of calculating the amount of his or
her retirement annuity.
Voluntary Early Retirement Authority. Under both CSRS and FERS, a federal
employee is eligible for an immediate unreduced retirement annuity at age 55 with 30 or
more years of service. Under voluntary early retirement authority (VERA), the age and
service requirements are reduced to 20 years of federal service at age 50 or 25 years of
service, regardless of age. CSRS employees who retire under voluntary early retirement
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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authority have their retirement annuities permanently reduced by 1/6 of 1% for each full
month that they are under age 55 at the time of retirement. This is equivalent to a
reduction of 2% for each year that the person is under age 55 at retirement. Employees
with service under both CSRS and FERS have the reduction applied only to the CSRS
portion of their service. The Homeland Security Act (P.L. 107-296) provides that with
the approval of the Office of Personnel Management, an agency undergoing restructuring
or downsizing can offer voluntary early retirement to employees in specific occupational
groups, organizational units, or geographic locations. Reductions in annuity amounts for
early retirement will continue to apply.
Contributions to the Thrift Savings Plan. The Economic Growth and Tax
Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (P.L. 107-16) allows individuals who are age 50 or
older to make additional contributions to a retirement plan authorized under section
401(k), 403(b), or 457 of the tax code. The maximum permitted additional contribution
is $2,000 in 2003, $3,000 in 2004, $4,000 in 2005, and $5,000 in 2006. This amount will
be indexed to inflation in years after 2006. P.L. 107-304 (November 27, 2002) will allow
additional contributions in these amounts to be made to the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) by
federal employees age 50 or older.
Mandatory Retirement Age for Federal Firefighters. Most federal
employees are eligible to retire at age 55 if they have completed 30 or more years of
service. In recognition of the unique demands faced by law enforcement personnel and
firefighters in the performance of their duties, Congress has provided for individuals
employed in these capacities by the federal government to retire at younger ages and with
fewer years of service. Federal law enforcement officers and firefighters can retire at age
50 with 20 years of service. Those covered by FERS can retire at any age with 25 years
of service. Federal law enforcement officers and firefighters also are subject to mandatory
retirement. Law enforcement officers are required to retire at age 57, or after 20 years of
service if that occurs later. Until recently, federal firefighters were required to retire at
age 55. P.L. 107-27 (August 3, 2001) raised the mandatory retirement age for federal
firefighters from 55 to 57.
Non-appropriated Fund Instrumentalities. Individuals employed by non-
appropriated fund instrumentalities (NAFIs) are not federal employees and therefore are
not eligible to participate in CSRS or FERS. NAFIs include, for example, the base
exchanges that operate on the grounds of many military installations. The National
Defense Authorization Act for FY2002 (P.L. 107-107) allows certain service previously
performed as an employee of a NAFI to be credited to CSRS or FERS for employees who
later became covered by CSRS or FERS through federal employment.
Bills in the 108th Congress
Annuities Based on Part-time Employment. Employees covered by CSRS
who work part-time can experience disproportionately large cuts in their retirement
annuities as the result of a regulation adopted by OPM in response to the Comprehensive
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-272). This law requires retirement
annuities for a federal worker whose career includes part-time employment to be based
on the rate of pay that would be paid for full-time service, with the employee’s service
time prorated for the actual number of hours worked. In its regulation, however, OPM

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adopted an interpretation of this statute that also applies a lower rate of pay than would
be applied if these individuals had worked full-time for their entire careers. Section 203
of S. 129 (Voinovich) would amend 5 U.S.C. §8339 to clarify that CSRS retirement
annuities based in whole or in part on part-time service are to be prorated only for the
period of service that was performed on a part-time basis.
Law Enforcement Officer Status for Retirement. For purposes of retirement
benefits, title 5 of the U.S. Code defines a law enforcement officer as an individual whose
duties “are primarily the investigation, apprehension, or detention of individuals
suspected or convicted of offenses against the criminal laws of the United States.”1
Positions are designated as those of a law enforcement officer by the heads of federal
agencies under the guidance of regulations published by the Office of Personnel
Management.2 S. 640 (Leahy) and section 4122 of S. 22 (Daschle) would amend 5 U.S.C.
§§ 8331(20) and 8401(17) to include Assistant United States Attorneys among the
statutorily defined categories of law enforcement officers.
Disability Retirement for Federal Firefighters. H.R. 1101 (Rodriguez) and
S. 530 (Kerry) would establish a presumption of work-related disability for federal
firefighters who die or become disabled following a diagnosis of heart disease, lung
disease, certain cancers, or certain infectious diseases.
Retirement Annuities for Air Traffic Controllers. Air traffic controllers, law
enforcement officers, and federal firefighters covered by FERS contribute 1.3% of pay to
the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Trust Fund. Regular federal employees
contribute 0.8% of pay to the civil service trust fund. (All employees covered by FERS
also pay Social Security taxes equal to 6.2% of pay.) Air traffic controllers, law
enforcement officers, and firefighters covered by FERS accrue benefits equal to 1.7% of
pay for each of the first 20 years of service and 1.0% of pay for each year of service
beyond the 20th year. Regular federal employees covered by FERS accrue benefits equal
to 1.0% of pay for each year of service. Thus, the contribution rates and benefit accrual
rates that apply to air traffic controllers under FERS are identical to those that apply to
federal law enforcement officers and federal firefighters. Under both CSRS and FERS,
an air traffic controller is required to retire at age 56 or after completing 20 years of
service, if later. H.R. 1244 (Oberstar) would provide that service performed by an air
traffic controller who is transferred or promoted to a supervisory or staff position is to be
treated as controller service for retirement purposes.
Adjustment to Annuity Computations for Periods of Disability. Under the
Internal Revenue Code, employee contributions to the Thrift Savings Plan and private-
sector 401(k) plans can be made only from earned income. Injured or disabled federal
employees are not permitted to contribute to the Thrift Savings Plan while collecting
disability payments or receiving disability compensation from the Office of Workers’
Compensation Programs. To reduce the shortfall in retirement benefits that can affect
federal employees who are injured or disabled while performing their jobs, H.R. 978 (Jo
1 5 U.S.C. §§ 8331(20) and 8401(17), emphasis added.
2 5 C.F.R. §§ 831.901-831.911 and §§ 842.801-842.809.

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Ann Davis) and S. 481 (Allen) would increase the FERS basic retirement annuity from1%
of basic pay per year of service to 2% of basic pay for the duration of the disability.
Full Agency Funding of CSRS Annuities. The Civil Service Retirement
Amendments of 1969 (P.L. 91-93) require participating employees and their employing
agencies each to contribute an amount equal to 7.0% of basic pay to the Civil Service
Retirement and Disability Fund to finance retirement benefits under CSRS. The combined
contribution of 14% of employee pay is not sufficient to finance the retirement benefits
provided under the Civil Service Retirement System. The costs of the CSRS that are not
financed by the 7.0% employee and 7.0% agency contributions are attributable mainly to
increases in future CSRS benefits that result from (1) employees’ annual pay raises, and
(2) annual cost-of-living adjustments in the pensions paid to CSRS annuitants. In
actuarial terms, the employee and agency contributions totaling 14% of pay are equal to
the static normal cost of CSRS benefits.3 This is the benefit that would be paid if
employees received no future pay raises and annuitants received no future cost-of-living
adjustments. The dynamic normal cost of CSRS pensions includes the cost of financing
future benefit increases that result from pay raises and cost-of-living adjustments.4 The
dynamic normal cost of the CSRS has been estimated by the Office of Personnel
Management to be an amount equal to 24.4% of employee pay.
Each year, the U.S. Treasury is required by law to contribute to the Civil Service
Retirement and Disability Fund an amount that covers some of the 10.4 percentage point
difference between the 14% of pay contributed by employees and their employing
agencies and the 24.4% normal cost of the program. (The Treasury’s contribution does
not cover the cost of retiree COLAs.) This is a direct transfer from the general revenues
of the Treasury, and does not pass through individual agency budgets. The remaining cost
of the CSRS constitutes an unfunded liability of the system that eventually will be borne
by the Treasury when CSRS annuities are paid to retirees and their surviving dependents.
Section 301 of H.R. 180 (Ryan) would charge each federal agency the full cost of CSRS
benefits on an accrual basis, as is done under the Federal Employees Retirement System
(FERS). Each agency would contribute to the CSRDF an amount equal to 17.4% of
payroll, which represents the dynamic normal cost of CSRS minus the required employee
contribution of 7.0% of pay. In describing the effects of this proposal, which was
included in the President’s budget for FY2003 and again in the budget for FY2004, the
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) stated that it “would require agencies to fund
the full Government share of the accruing cost of pensions . . . as they are earned by all
Federal civilian and military employees.”5
Pensions for Members Expelled from Congress. H.R. 1098 (Miller/FL)
provides that, if an individual is expelled from Congress, any previous service performed
by that individual as a Member of Congress shall be not credited under CSRS or FERS
for purposes of determining either eligibility for an annuity or the amount of an annuity.
3 A pension plan’s normal cost is the level percentage of pay that, invested today at a particular
real rate of interest will be sufficient to fully finance the retirement benefits under the plan.
4 Two other elements of a pension plan’s dynamic normal cost are increases in benefits that
result from (1) new or expanded benefits and (2) newly covered groups of workers.
5 OMB News Release 2001-47, October 15, 2001.

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Indexing Deferred Annuities. The basic retirement annuity under both CSRS
and FERS is based on the average of the three highest consecutive years of basic pay. The
amount of basic pay used in the calculation of the annuity is the rate of basic pay in the
years that the individual was employed. H.R. 432 (Velazquez) would provide that in the
case of an individual who is eligible to receive a deferred annuity, i.e. an annuity that
begins a year or more after separation from service, the average pay used in the
computation of the annuity will be increased by the percentage adjustments in the rates
of pay in the general schedule that have been made since the date of the employee’s
separation from service. The bill also provides that the widow or widower of a former
employee who was eligible for a deferred annuity, but whose death preceded the
commencement of the annuity, would be eligible for a survivor annuity under CSRS. A
similar provision is already in law with respect to survivor annuities under FERS.
Rights of Former Spouses under Federal Retirement Programs. Subtitle
C of S. 9 (Daschle) would provide (1) that the widow or widower of a former employee
who was eligible for a deferred annuity but whose death preceded the commencement of
the annuity would be eligible for a survivor annuity under CSRS, and also that a former
spouse of a former employee would be eligible for a survivor annuity if such was
provided for at the election of the former employee or under the terms of a court order or
court-approved property settlement; (2) that payment of an annuity under CSRS or FERS
to an alternate payee may include payment to a former spouse; (3) that benefits awarded
after an appeal to the Merit Systems Protection Board shall include interest; (4) that
income averaging may be applied for tax purposes when a lump sum payment is made as
the result of a correction to an annuity under CSRS or FERS; and, (5) that in applying the
order of precedence for distributing the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) account of a deceased
employee or former employee, “the widow or widower of the decedent shall be the first
party entitled to receive (instead of any designated beneficiary)” the account balance.
U.S. Postal Service Funding of CSRS. In November 2002, the Office of
Personnel Management (OPM) notified the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) that a review of
USPS payments to the Civil Service Retirement System revealed that, because past
contributions have been earning interest at a higher rate than presumed in the statutory
funding formula, the USPS will eventually overfund its obligation to CSRS by $71
billion. On April 2, 2003, the Senate passed S. 380 (with an amendment) by unanimous
consent. On April 8, 2003, S. 380 was passed by the by the House of Representatives by
a vote of 424 - 0. The bill would require the Postal Service to contribute annually to the
CSRDF on behalf of employees covered by CSRS an amount equal to the dynamic normal
cost of CSRS (24.4% of payroll) minus the amount contributed by employees (7.0% of
pay). Thus, the required Postal Service contribution would be equal to 17.4% of payroll.
Because the dynamic normal cost of CSRS includes the effects of future employee pay
raises and retiree COLAs, S. 380 would repeal the provisions of law that require the
Postal Service to amortize over 30 years and 15 years, respectively, the increases in future
CSRS annuities that result from annual employee pay raises and retiree COLAs. The
result would be that the Postal Service’s payments to CSRS would be reduced, but its
financial obligations to CSRS would be fully met.6
6 For more information on S. 380 and H.R. 735, see CRS Report RL31684.

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The bill would require the Office of Personnel Management to estimate any
“supplemental liability” of the Postal Service with respect to CSRS benefits and to
amortize (pay off, with interest) this supplemental liability over 40 years. S. 380 would
require the Office of Personnel Management to compute the amount of any savings
resulting from enactment of the legislation. Any savings realized in fiscal years 2003 and
2004 would be used to reduce the debt owed by the Postal Service to the Federal
Financing Bank of the Treasury.
Allowing payment of CSRS and FERS benefits to certain trusts under
the Social Security Act. Eligibility for benefits under state Medicaid programs is
usually limited to individuals whose income and assets do not exceed limits established
under state or federal law. Section 1917(d)(4) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C.
1396p(d)(4)) allows certain disabled individuals to qualify for benefits under Medicaid
by placing assets that would otherwise exceed the eligibility limit into a qualifying trust.
Title 5 of the U.S. Code allows CSRS or FERS benefits that are payable to a minor or a
disabled adult to be paid that individual’s guardian or legally designated fiduciary. S. 776
(Campbell) would authorize the U.S. Office of Personnel Management to pay CSRS or
FERS benefits for a minor or disabled adult into a trust that qualifies under section
1917(d)(4) of the Social Security Act.
Law Enforcement Officer Status for Retirement. For purposes of retirement
benefits, title 5 of the U.S. Code defines a law enforcement officer as an individual whose
duties “are primarily the investigation, apprehension, or detention of individuals
suspected or convicted of offenses against the criminal laws of the United States.”7
Positions are designated as those of a law enforcement officer by the heads of federal
agencies under the guidance of regulations published by the Office of Personnel
Management.8 In addition, Congress has designated officers of the U.S. Capitol Police,
the Supreme Court Police, and nuclear materials couriers to be eligible for law
enforcement officer retirement benefits. S. 816 (Mikulski) would expand the definition
of federal law enforcement officer for purposes of retirement benefits to include any
federal employee whose duties include investigating and apprehending individuals
suspected or convicted of violating the criminal laws of the United States and who is
authorized to carry a firearm. It also would include employees of the Internal Revenue
Service responsible for collecting delinquent taxes.
7 5 U.S.C. §§ 8331(20) and 8401(17), emphasis added.
8 5 C.F.R. §§ 831.901-831.911 and §§ 842.801-842.809.

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