Order Code RS21140
Updated January 28, 2003
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Electronic Congress: Proposals and Issues
Jeffrey W. Seifert
Analyst in Information Science and Technology Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
R. Eric Petersen
Analyst in American National Government
Government and Finance Division
Summary
The events of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent anthrax incidents have
prompted some observers to suggest creating a capability for a virtual or electronic
Congress (e-Congress) that could function in the event of an emergency. Currently, it
is unclear exactly how an e-Congress would be constituted and operated. Broad
suggestions have been offered involving the establishment of a Web site that Members
of Congress could access from any location beyond the Capitol complex. It has been
suggested that such a Web site could enable Members of Congress to carry out activities
normally done on the chambers’ floors or in committees. These suggestions generally
highlight the use of information technology (IT) to enable Congress to carry out its
responsibilities remotely, as a substitute for traditional congressional functions
performed in Washington. These proposals tend to focus on floor activity while not
addressing other areas of congressional activities, such as committee business and
Member office operations. In addition to these matters, the possibility of convening an
e-Congress raises a number of procedural, technical, and resource questions that may
require further study. This report provides an overview of the issues and relevant
legislation, and will be updated as events warrant.
The events of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent anthrax incidents have
highlighted some of the potential vulnerabilities of the centralized assembly of the House
of Representatives and Senate. As a result, some observers have suggested creating a
virtual or electronic Congress (e-Congress) as an emergency backup. In the event that
Capitol Hill facilities are unavailable, whether for emergency or nonemergency reasons,
Congress may wish to consider holding committee activities and floor sessions through
electronic means. It is unclear exactly how an e-Congress would be constituted and
operated. Currently, there is no pending legislation authorizing the establishment of a full
e-Congress.
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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E- Congress Proposals
Some observers have offered broad suggestions involving the establishment of a
Web site that Members of Congress could access from anywhere in the country (and
perhaps the world).1 The observers suggest that such a Web site could enable Members
to carry out activities normally done in committees or on the floor. These observers
generally highlight the use of information technology (IT) to enable Congress to carry out
its responsibilities remotely, as a substitute for traditional congressional functions
performed in Washington. Some common features of these observers’ suggestions
include:
! a Web site to facilitate congressional business, including debates,
hearings, markups and votes, normally conducted on the floors of the
House of Representatives and Senate, or in committees;
! security protocols to authenticate that the individual who logs into the e-
Congress is a Member of Congress;2
! replication of the administrative functions of congressional sessions in
which the respective chambers’ majority leadership would have
administrative access to control the agenda, and features that would allow
Members to log on, enter debate into the record, and vote;
! redundancy of communications networks, hardware, software, and access
points so that widely dispersed Members of Congress are able to gain
access to virtual proceedings in the face of a range of interruptions;3 and
! requirements for public access so citizens could observe Representatives
and Senators carrying out their constitutional responsibilities.4
1 Amy Keller, “E-Congress: Possible? Yes. Likely? No.” Roll Call, Nov. 5, 2001, p. A1; J.H.
Snider, “Planning for the Worst,” Federal Computer Week, Oct. 15, 2001, p. 36; Noah
Shachtman, “Can Congress Convene Online?” Wired News, Oct. 25, 2001,
[http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,47841,00.html], visited Feb. 13, 2002.
2 These discussions usually involve discussion of authentication issues including passwords,
biometrics (authentication techniques that rely on measurable physical characteristics, such as
fingerprints, voice patterns, or retinas, that can be automatically verified), or human verification.
3 Physical attacks are not the only concern; another set of possible interruptions can be caused
by equipment failure or cyberattack, either by hackers gaining access to congressional computer
systems or denial-of-service (DoS) attacks on congressional Web servers. A related concern is
an interruption at major telecommunications switching stations in the Washington, DC, area.
Such incidents could significantly affect Congress’s ability to communicate both internally and
externally. These proposals are not unique to e-Congress proposals, and have applicability to the
current Congress’s daily operations.
4 The two main proposals are summarized in Jim Snider, “Time for an E-Congress? Helping
Bureaucracy,” Vital Speeches of the Day, vol. 68, issue 5, Dec. 15, 2001, pp. 143-147. The text
is also available at [http://www.votd.com/snider.htm]; and Democratic Leadership Council,
“ L e g i s l a t i n g b y A n y M e a n s N e c e s s a r y , ” O c t . 2 3 , 2 0 0 1 , a t
[http://www.ndol.org/print.cfm?contentid=3865]. See also J.H. Snider, “Planning for the Worst,”
Federal Computer Week, Oct. 15, 2001, p. 36; Noah Shachtman, “Can Congress Convene
O n l i n e ? ”
W i r e d N e w s , O c t . 2 5 , 2 0 0 1 ,
[http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,47841,00.html].

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The authors of these proposals tend to focus on one part of congressional business
—usually floor activity—while not addressing other areas of congressional activities, such
as committee business and Member office operations. No one has offered proposals
specific enough to define whether an e-Congress system would comprise Web-based
technology, such as real-time, multi-member, text-based communications (or “chat
rooms”), Web-based voice communications, Web, telephone or satellite-based video
conferencing; or some combination of these technologies.
In addition to these issues, the possibility of convening an e-Congress raises a
number of technical, procedural, and resource questions, which remain to be resolved.
Technical Issues
An area of technical concern is the means by which Members of Congress would
access and participate in an e-Congress. Would they need dedicated laptops or other
devices, or could they use any computer that can access the e-Congress site? Would
access be possible only through land lines or also via wireless means? What kind of
access redundancy is needed to ensure Member access? Would Members of Congress all
be separated by distance or would they attempt to assemble in smaller groups at pre-
defined locations? What level of technical skill would be required to fully participate in
an e-Congress?
Other technical concerns include security and authentication.5 What specific actions
need to be taken to authenticate the identity of Members and ensure imposters are not
participating in the virtual Congress? How would the e-Congress site be protected from
hackers and computer viruses? How can encryption6 be used to protect stored and
exchanged data? Who would be responsible for operating and maintaining the technical
infrastructure (servers, routers, modems, etc.) upon which an e-Congress would be
dependent? How would a technical break down or other interruption of connectivity
affect the legislative process?
Procedural Issues
While the type of technology used to establish an e-Congress will affect the details,
any move to remote sessions would likely necessitate a reconsideration of constitutional
and statutory requirements, as well as chamber rules to establish clear parameters under
which electronic sessions could convene. Article I, Section 4 of the Constitution requires
Congress to assemble at least once every year. The operational assumptions of Congress
are based on face-to-face interactions at all stages of the legislative process. Under the
5 One of the most common methods to authenticate and verify the validity of a user’s identity is
the use of a system of digital certificates called public key infrastructure (PKI). A digital
certificate is an attachment to an electronic message that verifies that a user sending a message
is who he or she claims to be. PKIs are currently evolving and there is no single PKI nor a single
agreed-upon standard for setting up a PKI.
6 Encryption involves the translation of data into a form of secret code called ciphertext. To read
an encrypted file, one must have access to a secret key or password that enables the user to
decrypt it. Unencrypted data is called plain text.

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current rules of each chamber, Members of Congress are required to be physically present
if they are to participate in floor activities and most committee activities.7
Some of the broad procedural questions include: What would it mean to “convene”
Congress in electronic session? If electronic sessions are used, do they satisfy
constitutional requirements to “assemble”? How would the presiding officer call the
chamber into session? What mechanisms could be used to establish a quorum of
Members for purposes of debate?
During floor debate and committee proceedings, how would the presiding officer or
chair know whom to “recognize” to “speak”? In the Senate, the chair is required to
recognize the Senator who seeks recognition first, once a Senator who holds the floor
yields it. In the House of Representatives, recognition tends to alternate between
supporters and opponents of a measure or matter, or be governed by a special rule from
the Rules Committee. If a presiding officer’s connection fails, is debate suspended? How
might these fundamental issues be altered in an electronic environment?
Additionally, who will prepare documents, including committee reports, conference
reports, discharge petitions, the Congressional Record, and Journals? How would
chamber voting rules be adapted to virtual proceedings? What steps would be needed to
assure that fundamental rules’ guarantees remain? How would electronic sessions alter
the character of deliberation in Congress?
Formal Debate and Deliberation. An essential reason for convening Congress
is to facilitate debate and deliberation about public matters. Congress deliberates about
these matters in a variety of formal and informal fora, both public and private. Some
argue that deliberation helps avoid error in public policymaking. Alexander Hamilton
noted that the “oftener a measure is brought under examination, the greater the diversity
... of those who are to examine it, the less must be the danger of those errors which flow
from want of deliberation.”8 In addition to a full airing of the matter before the chambers,
deliberation contributes to the legitimacy of congressional action by subjecting the
collective decision of the majority to argument and evaluation by the people’s
representatives.
Several questions arise when considering the translation of formal debate into an
electronic environment. What provisions will be necessary to assure that all Members
7 Rule XXVI (7) of the Senate allows voting by proxy in committees, unless a committee adopts
rules prohibiting the practice.
8 Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers, (Middletown, CT:
Wesleyan University Press, 1961), p. 495. Discussions of deliberation in American government
can be found in Joseph Bessette, “Deliberation in American Lawmaking,” Philosophy and Public
Policy, vol. 14, Winter/Spring, 1994, pp.18-23. For a discussion of different types of deliberation
and their use in the legislative process, see George E. Connor and Bruce I. Oppenheimer,
“Deliberation: An Untimed Value in a Timed Game,” in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I.
Oppenheimer, eds., Congress Reconsidered, 5th edition (Washington: CQ Press, 1993), pp. 315-
320. Lawrence C. Dodd, “Congress and the Politics of Renewal: Redressing the Crisis of
Legitimation,” ibid., pp. 426-429. Representation and deliberation in congressional committees
is discussed in Richard L. Hall, “Participation, Abdication and Representation in Congressional
Committee,” ibid., pp. 161-188.

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have access to the current version of the measure under consideration? What will
constitute an official document in an electronic environment? As debate proceeds, would
prior submission of amendments in electronic text form be required? Would new limits
on debates be necessary? How will time run with Members possibly logging in from
several different time zones? In the Senate, would filibusters still be possible? If they
were, how would the cloture petition process work? What staff will be needed in an
electronic environment, and how would the roles of the reading clerks, journal clerks,
reporters of debate, parliamentarians, and legislative counsels change? What would the
role of the doorkeepers be in a virtual legislature? Similarly, how would the roles of
personal and committee staffs be changed in an e-Congress environment?
Informal Deliberation. The rules of both chambers are intended to support an
environment where formal deliberation can take place, by preventing distraction of the
Member of Congress who holds the floor, and those who are trying to listen to what he
or she is saying. At the same time, while the formal proceedings are taking place,
informal deliberation, in a wide range of venues, also contributes to the deliberative
process. These venues, including regular meetings of chamber leadership, party
conferences and caucuses, and other, more informal exchanges between Members, staff
and the public, would all be affected by the implementation of an e-Congress. It has been
noted that advanced information technology systems such as video conferencing and the
emergence of faster Internet connections may serve to provide real-time, informal
communication between Members of Congress in the near future.9 In developing the
legislation and chamber rules that would govern situations where Congress convenes by
remote means, there may also be concerns by how electronic communications would alter
deliberation among Members.
Resources Issues
Other areas of concern include, but are not limited to, costs, record keeping, and
public access. How much would it cost to construct and maintain the readiness needed
for an e-Congress option? How would the activities of a virtual congress be recorded and
preserved? What type of access should the public have to observe the activities of a
virtual Congress?
Legislative Activities, 107th Congress
In the 107th Congress, Representative James R. Langevin introduced H.R. 3481, the
Ensuring Congressional Security and Continuity Act, which would have required the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to investigate the feasibility and
costs of (1) implementing a secure computer system for remote voting and
communication for Congress, and (2) establishing a system to ensure business continuity
for congressional operations.
On May 1, 2002, the Committee on House Administration held hearings on the use
of technology to conduct congressional operations in emergency situations. During the
9 Jim Snider, “Time for an E-Congress? Helping Bureaucracy,” Vital Speeches of the Day, vol.
68, issue 5, Dec. 15, 2001, p. 146. The text is also available at
[http://www.votd.com/snider.htm].

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hearing the committee considered the institutional, legal, and technical issues of creating
an e-Congress, as well as potential alternatives to using an electronic forum to convene
Congress in the event that the Members cannot assemble in the Capitol. The possibility
of conducting an in depth study of these and other issues associated with the creation of
an e-Congress was also raised.
On June 24, 2002, Representative Langevin introduced H.R. 5007, which would
have directed the Comptroller General to enter into an agreement with the National
Academy of Sciences to conduct a study regarding the “feasibility of, and costs associated
with, the implementation of an emergency electronic communications system for
Congress which would ensure the continuity of operations of Congress during an
emergency (including an emergency under which Congress would be unable to assemble
in a single location.” The bill also would have directed the Comptroller General to enter
into an arrangement with the Librarian of Congress to conduct a study regarding potential
“constitutional and procedural issues which may arise under the implementation of such
a system.” Both reports were to be submitted to Congress within one year of enactment
of the bill.

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