Order Code RL31388
Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Immigration and Naturalization Service:
Restructuring Proposals in the 107th Congress
Updated December 11, 2002
Lisa M. Seghetti
Analyst in Social Legislation
Domestic Social Policy Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Immigration and Naturalization Service:
Restructuring Proposals in the 107th Congress
Summary
The events of September 11 brought the Immigration and Naturalization Service
(INS) to the forefront of the nation’s attention. Although all 19 hijackers entered the
country legally, three overstayed their visas. And, on March 11, 2002, INS sent
student visa notifications for two of the (now deceased) 19 hijackers to the aviation
school they attended, provoking an intensification of long-standing criticism of INS
for weak management controls, among other things. An underlying theme of
criticism concerns what many believe are overlapping and unclear chains of
command with respect to INS’s service and enforcement functions. There appears
to be a consensus among the Administration, Congress, and commentators that the
immigration system, primarily INS, is in need of restructuring. There also appears
to be a consensus among interested parties that INS’s two main functions — service
and enforcement — need to be separated. There has not been a consensus, however,
with regard to how the restructuring should take place.
Current proposals to restructure INS center on separating the service and
enforcement functions either by keeping INS intact and creating two separate bureaus
to carry out the functions, or by dismantling INS and reassigning the functions to
DOJ and other agencies or a newly created department of homeland security. While
separating the two main functions would create a clear chain of command and
increase accountability, several questions are raised. Are these functions
operationally separable or interdependent? Will both functions receive equal
attention and resources? How will separating the main functions address the
fragmentation of immigrant-related functions across INS and other federal agencies?
How will the separate entities expeditiously share information?
There has also been some discussion of merging the agencies responsible for
border patrol and inspections under one agency. Homeland Security Director Tom
Ridge has proposed merging at least three agencies that are responsible for providing
border security into a “super agency.” Several pieces of legislation have been
introduced that would consolidate several agencies that have border security-related
functions into a newly created agency. All of these proposals would address
concerns of overlap in functions, and related duplication of efforts; lack of
communication and coordination of efforts; and the rivalry that reportedly exists
between INS and agencies with similar responsibilities. The proposals, however, do
not address concerns about the need for greater information sharing between the
immigrant service and immigration enforcement functions.
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296) was signed into law on
November 25, 2002. The Act transfers INS’ immigration service and enforcement
functions to a new DHS into two separate Bureaus. The visa issuance function
remains at DOS’ Consular Affairs, however, the Secretary of DHS will have
authority over visa issuance regulations. Other immigration functions are either
transferred to the Department of Health and Human Service or remain in DOJ.

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Contents
Latest Legislative Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Immigration Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
DOJ Immigration Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
DOS Immigration Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
DOL Immigration Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
U.S. Customs Service Immigration Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Other Federal Agencies’ Immigrant-Related Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Past INS Reorganizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
INS Restructuring Proposals in the 105th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
INS Restructuring Proposals in the 106th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Administration’s Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
June 6, 2002 Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
November 14, 2001 INS Restructuring Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Restructuring Legislation in the 107th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The Barbara Jordan Immigration Reform and Accountability Act of
2002 (H.R. 3231) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The Immigration Reform, Accountability, Security, and Enforcement
Act of 2002 (S. 2444) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
The Immigration Restructuring and Accountability Act of 2001
(H.R. 1562) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The Immigration and Naturalization Service Reorganization Act of
2002 (H.R. 4108) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Analysis of Selected Options to Restructure INS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Option I: Keep INS Intact, While Separating the Service and
Enforcement Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Option II: Dismantle INS and Create Two Separate Bureaus Within DOJ 17
Option III: Dismantle INS and Disperse Its Functions to Other Agencies . 18
Border Consolidation Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
The Department of National Border Security Act of 2002 (S. 2020) . . . . . 19
National Border Security Agency Act (H.R. 3600) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Analysis of Border Consolidation Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Chronology of Selected INS Reorganization Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Chronology of Implemented INS Reorganizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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List of Tables
Table 1. Selected Immigration Functions by Departments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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Immigration and Naturalization Service:
Restructuring Proposals
in the 107th Congress
Latest Legislative Developments
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296) was signed into law on
November 25, 2002. The Act transfers INS’ immigration service and enforcement
functions to a new DHS into two separate Bureaus. The visa issuance function
remains at DOS’ Consular Affairs, however, the Secretary of DHS will have
authority over visa issuance regulations. Other immigration functions are either
transferred to the Department of Health and Human Service or remain in DOJ. The
Homeland Security Act of 2002 was prompted by the June 6, 2002, proposal made
by President Bush to create a new homeland security department that would include
INS under its border and transportation security division. Preceding the legislation
and the President’s proposal, efforts were already underway to restructure the
Immigration and Naturalization Service.
Introduction
The events of September 11 brought the Immigration and Naturalization Service
(INS) to the forefront of the nation’s attention. Although all 19 hijackers entered the
country legally, three overstayed their visas. And, on March 11, 2002, INS sent
student visa notifications for two of the (now deceased) 19 hijackers to the aviation
school they attended, provoking an intensification of long-standing criticism of INS
for not fully enforcing the immigration law, having a backlog of immigrant visa and
naturalization applications, having poor management practices, lacking
accountability, and providing poor customer service, among other things. Under its
current organizational structure, INS has struggled with carrying out its many tasks.
The underlying theme of most of the criticism hinges on what many believe are
overlapping and unclear chains of command with respect to INS’s service and
enforcement functions.1 There appears to be a consensus among the Administration,
Congress, and commentators that the immigration system, primarily INS, is in need
of restructuring. There also appears to be a consensus among interested parties that
INS’s two main functions — service and enforcement — need to be separated. There
has not been a consensus, however, with regard to how the restructuring should take
place.
1 INS’s service functions include the processing of immigrant visa and naturalization
applications. Its enforcement functions include enforcing U.S. immigration laws along the
borders and within the interior.

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CRS-2
This report examines immigration functions within INS and across other federal
agencies. The report also provides background information on past and current
proposals to reorganize INS as well as proposals to consolidate border security
functions, and it analyzes current proposals. The appendices detail the history of the
immigration agency, proposals to reorganize the agency, and actual reorganizations.
INS has been internally restructured many times since its inception in 1891.2
In addition to internally initiated measures, numerous proposals have been advanced
by administrations, Congress, and commissions to reorganize INS since the early
1900s.3 These proposals generally gave expression to concerns about the efficiency
and effectiveness of INS in performing its responsibilities; perceived inefficiencies
resulting from overlap and fragmentation of functions performed by various agencies;
and border-related activities related to drug trafficking. Previous proposals sought
to accomplish one or more of the following:4
! Transfer the responsibility for issuing visas from the Department of
State (DOS) to INS;
! Combine the INS immigration inspection and border patrol functions
with Customs Service inspection in a single agency, either within the
Customs Service (in the Department of Treasury) or in a newly
created agency;
! Combine all immigration functions in a single, independent agency.
The current proposals to restructure INS include: separating the service and
enforcement functions, but keeping INS intact; dismantling INS and creating two
new agencies within the Department of Justice (DOJ) that would report to a newly
created position of an Associate Attorney General for immigration affairs;
dismantling INS and creating a new immigration agency within DOJ; and creating
an enforcement bureau within DOJ to carry out INS’s enforcement functions, but
transferring the issuance of visa functions to DOS, and the immigrant labor-related
functions to the Department of Labor (DOL). More recently, Congress passed
legislation that creates a Department of Homeland Security. The Homeland Security
Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296) abolishes INS and transfers its immigration service and
enforcement functions to the new department, see below.
There has also been some discussion of merging the border patrol and
inspections functions of INS and other primary agencies responsible for these
functions under one agency.5 Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge has proposed
2 Immigration functions were first centralized under the Bureau of Immigration in the
Department of Treasury.
3 See Appendix A for a chronology of proposals to reorganize INS.
4 U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. History of the Immigration and
Naturalization Service. Committee Print, 96th Cong., 2d sess.
5 The primary agencies that have border security-related responsibilities are INS, U.S.
Treasury’s Custom’s Service, and the Department of Transportation’s Coast Guard. INS has
border patrol responsibilities along the U.S. border. INS and the Customs Service both have
(continued...)

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CRS-3
merging INS’s border patrol and inspection functions, U.S. Customs Service
inspection functions, and the Coast Guard under one “super agency.” A more recent
proposal by Ridge includes merging only INS and the U.S. Customs Service under
one agency.6 Legislation has been introduced that would merge INS’s border patrol
and inspection functions, U.S. Customs Service inspection functions, and the Coast
Guard under one independent agency.7
Background
The Attorney General is responsible for administering and enforcing the
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, as amended (INA; 8 U.S.C. 1101 et. Seq.),
and all other laws pertaining to the immigration and naturalization of aliens. INS is
the main agency responsible for administering and enforcing immigration laws.
INS’s responsibilities are split into two generally broad functions: (1) the processing
of services and adjudication of benefits provided by immigration law, and (2) the
enforcement of restrictions and limitations in immigration law.
INS’s dual mission of providing immigration benefits (what is commonly
referred to as its service mission) and enforcing immigration law is at the center of
reorganization discussions. Some commentators contend that INS’s dual mission is
inherently conflictual in that the two roles have created two different cultures that
often compete for the same resources. Additionally, commentators contend that
increasing demands placed on INS (i.e., congressional mandates and administrative
directives) have created mission overload, making it very difficult for INS to
effectively carry out its functions.
While INS is responsible for several database systems designed to carry out its
service and enforcement functions,8 several studies conducted by the Government
Accounting Office (GAO) have criticized INS for having antiquated databases and
failing to integrate its systems.9 The reports are critical of INS’s field and regional
5 (...continued)
inspections responsibilities; INS inspects people as they present themselves for entry into
the country and the Customs Service inspects goods. The Coast Guard protects the
country’s coast lines and ports. It also enforces U.S. laws in the water and high seas,
including interdicting illegal immigrants.
6 McLaughlin, Abraham. Bush Plans Super-Agency to Improve US-Border Control. The
Christian Science Monitor, March 25, 2002. p. 2.
7 See, for example, H.R. 1158, S. 1534, and H.R. 3600.
8 For a discussion on some INS database systems see: CRS Report RL31019, Terrorism:
Automated Lookout Systems and Border Security Options and Issues, by William J. Krouse
and Raphael F. Perl.
9 See for example a series of GAO reports on INS management issues: U.S. General
Accounting Office. INS: Overview of Recurring Management Challenges, GAO report 02-
168T; October 17, 2001: Overview of Management and Program Challenges, GAO Report
T-GGD-99-148, July 29, 1999; INS: Management Problems and Program Issues, GAO
(continued...)

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CRS-4
offices due to an absence of communication between the various offices. The reports
are also critical of INS’s continued use of paper for tracking most of its data
functions. Other reviews conducted by DOJ’s Office of Inspector General (OIG)
have questioned the reliability of INS’s information systems and the accuracy of the
information.10 According to DOJ’s Inspector General, Glenn A. Fine, “two OIG
audits of the INS’s automation initiatives found lengthy delays in completing many
automation programs, unnecessary cost increases, and a significant risk that finished
projects would fail to meet the agency’s needs.”11
Other issues surrounding the debate include reported lack of coordination and
cooperation among the various divisions within INS, and emphasis placed on
enforcement functions rather than service functions. With regard to separating the
service and enforcement functions, proponents contend that under the current
organizational structure, the two functions are blurred with no clear chain of
command. Historically, INS enforcement functions have received more resources
than INS service functions.12 INS’s officials, as well as some members of Congress
and some commentators, believe that if the two functions were separated, each
function would receive equal attention and resources.
Immigration Functions
Although several federal agencies have important immigration responsibilities,13
current proposals to restructure the immigration system focuses on INS and not on
immigration-related responsibilities of other agencies (with the exception of some
bills that address border security functions, discussed below). Some past proposals
have considered a complete overhaul of the immigration system; for example, in
1990, the Asencio Commission called for a new Agency for Migration that would be
responsible for all refugee and migration issues.14 Subsequent commissions and
9 (...continued)
Report T-GGD-95-11, October 5, 1994; and Information Management: INS Lacks Ready
Access to Essential Data, GAO Report IMTEC-90-75, September 27, 1990.
10 U.S. Congress. House. Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims. INS Enforcement and
Service Performance Issues. 107th Cong., 1st Sess., October 17, 2001 Washington, Govt.
Print. Off., 2001.
11 Ibid.
12 See CRS Report RS20908, Immigration and Naturalization Service’s FY2002 Budget, by
William J. Krouse.
13 These agencies include DOJ, DOS, Department of Treasury, Department of Agriculture,
Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Labor, and Department of
Education.
14 The Asencio Commission. Report of the Commission for the Study of International
Migration and Cooperative Economic Development. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1990.
The Asencio Commission was established as a result of a congressional mandate, the
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.

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CRS-5
reports echoed similar calls for consolidating border patrol and inspection functions,
as well as consolidating visa functions of INS and DOS.15
In its 1997 final report to Congress, the U.S. Commission on Immigration
Reform (headed by former Congresswoman Barbara Jordan)16 noted that
“fragmentation of responsibility leads to conflicting messages from the various
agencies [and] unnecessary delays in adjudication ....” Moreover, when more than
one agency is involved in similar functions, redundancies in actual implementation
and inconsistent results could occur. Additionally, such duplication could lead to
waste of resources (i.e., personnel, funds, equipment, etc.).
Some agencies perform broad immigrant-related functions, but they have
distinct responsibilities. For example:
! DOL, INS, and DOS make determinations on skill-based immigrant
and limited duration admissions applications.
! INS and DOL provide some form of worksite enforcement and
conduct investigations pertaining to employer compliance with
immigration-related labor standards and violations of the
employment eligibility verification requirement.
! INS and DOS adjudicate immigrant visas and conduct background
checks on visa applicants.
! INS and U.S. Customs both perform inspections at ports of entries.
15 The 1937 Byrd Committee Report, the 1940 Bureau of the Budget Report, the 1948
Customs’ Management Improvement Study, the 1949 Commission on the Organization of
the Executive Branch of the Government (the Hoover Commission), the 1950 Senate
Committee on the Judiciary Report No. 1515, and the 1957 Commission on Government
Security (the Wright Commission). U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary.
History of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Committee print, 96th Cong., 2d
Sess. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1980. p.81; U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform.
1997 Report to Congress, Becoming an American: Immigration and Immigrant Policy.
Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1997.
16 The Commission was established as a result of a mandate by the Immigration Act of 1990
(P.L. 101-649). It was charged with examining the implementation and impact of U.S.
immigration policy.

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The following table is a description of selected agencies’ immigration functions.
Table 1. Selected Immigration Functions by Departments
Agency/immigration
INS
U.S.
function
DOJ
DOS
Treasury
DOL
DHHSa
Issuance of Non-
X
X
—
—
—
immigrant Visas
Naturalization
X
—
—
—
—
Adjudication
Legal Permanent
X
X
—
—
—
Residents
Adjudications
Asylum Processing
X
—
—
—
—
Refugee Admissions
—
X
—
—
X
and Resettlement
Other adjudications
X
X
—
—
—
Immigration
X
—
X
—
—
Inspections
Border Patrol
X
—
—
—
—
Investigation
X
—
—
—
—
Apprehension/Removal
X
—
—
—
—
Detention
X
—
—
—
—
Employment
X
—
—
X
—
Verification
Medical Inspections
—
—
—
—
X
Source: Table prepared by the Congressional Research Service.
a Department of Health and Human Services.
DOJ Immigration Functions17
Section 103 of the INA gives primary responsibility for the administration and
enforcement of immigration law to the Attorney General. There are several agencies
and offices within DOJ that have responsibility for some immigration functions:
INS, the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR), and the Civil Division of
DOJ.
17 Some of the information in this section was obtained from CRS Report RL30257,
Proposals to Restructure the Immigration and Naturalization Service, by William J. Krouse.

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CRS-7
INS, a separate agency within DOJ, is responsible for administering immigrant
services, such as the adjudication of naturalization petitions, review of asylum
claims, and the issuing of immigrant visas for aliens who seek to adjust their
immigrant status. INS also patrols the borders, inspects all persons arriving at U.S.
ports of entry, and investigates violations of immigration law. INS also performs
worksite enforcement along with DOL.
EOIR is also an independent agency within DOJ and was established by
regulation in 1983. EOIR has jurisdiction over the immigration court system, the
Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), and the Office of the Chief Administrative
Hearing Officer (OCAHO). Immigration judges preside over removal hearings and
their decisions are appealable before the BIA. BIA is the highest administrative body
for interpreting and applying immigration laws. OCAHO was created to hear
administrative cases related to employment discrimination, document fraud, and
employer sanctions.
In addition to EOIR, DOJ has other components that have some immigration
functions, such as the Office of Litigation, and the Office of Special Counsel for
Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices. Both of these offices are located
within the Civil Division of DOJ.
DOS Immigration Functions
Section 104 of the INA gives responsibility for administering and enforcing
immigration law to the Secretary of State. DOS has several bureaus and offices that
have immigration-related functions: the Bureau of Consular Affairs, the Bureau of
Democracy, Refugee and Migration Affairs, and the Office of the Legal Adviser.
The Bureau of Consular Affairs is responsible for the adjudication of visas
overseas for foreign nationals wishing to come temporarily to the United States. It
also manages the issuance of passports to citizens. The Bureau of Population,
Refugee and Migration has responsibility for migration issues and oversees refugee
admissions. The Office of Legal Adviser serves as the counsel for the State
Department on migration issues.
DOL Immigration Functions
Several agencies within DOL have responsibility for some immigration
functions. The Employment and Training Administration processes the applications
that are filed by employers seeking to hire foreign workers. It also has responsibility
for making sure U.S. workers are not adversely affected by the hiring of foreign
workers. The function is carried out in its Division of Foreign Labor Certification.
The Employment Standards Administration is responsible for enforcing
immigration-related labor issues. Within the Employment Standards Administration
is the Wage and Hour Division, which has responsibility for investigating possible
violations of regulations, contract requirements or attestations under the H-2A, H-1C,

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CRS-8
H-1B, D-visa and F-visa programs.18 It is also responsible for reviewing employment
eligibility verification requirements under INA.
Three bureaus and offices, International Labor Affairs Bureau, the Office of the
Assistant Secretary for Policy, and the Office of the Solicitor, direct DOL’s
immigration policy and research, and provide legal support for all of DOL’s
immigration programs and functions.
U.S. Customs Service Immigration Functions
The U.S. Customs Service is under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Treasury
Department. The Customs Service’s primary function is inspecting and clearing
goods entering the United States. Customs Service and INS inspectors are cross-
designated to enforce both agencies’ areas of law. (Custom’s officers are cross-
designated to inspect persons seeking entry into the country, and INS inspectors are
cross-designated to inspect goods during primary inspection.) When a question of
an alien’s admissibility arises, the Customs inspector refers the alien to INS for
secondary inspection and a final determination of admissibility.19
Other Federal Agencies’ Immigrant-Related Functions
The Public Health Service of the Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS) determines health-related grounds for inadmissibility and provides health
inspections for certain aliens who present themselves at a port of entry. Also, the
Office of Refugee Resettlement within DHHS provides assistance to refugees.
Other federal agencies that perform immigration-related functions include the
Department of Agriculture and the Department of Education. The Department of
Agriculture performs inspections on food (i.e., fruit), and the Department of
Education administers educational assistance programs for immigrant children.
Past INS Reorganizations20
In 1891 immigration functions were centralized under the Bureau of
Immigration in the Department of Treasury. In 1913, Congress mandated that the
then Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization be divided into two Bureaus,
18 The following non-immigrant visas are categorized as follows: H-2A, agriculture guest
workers; H-1C, nurses; H1B, professional speciality workers; D-visa, vessel or aircraft
crewman; and F-visa, student visa for an educational institution.
19 For information on the U.S. Customs Service see: CRS Report RL31230, U.S. Customs
Service Authorization, FY2002 Budget, and Related Border Management Issues, by William
J. Krouse.
20 See Appendices A and B for a chronology of proposals to restructure INS and INS
reorganizations.

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CRS-9
immigration and naturalization.21 During the time period from 1903 to 1940, the
immigration agency was delegated additional responsibilities and was transferred to
a variety of different Departments. Each move reflected a perceived change in the
agency’s focus as expressed in underlying immigration law. As Congress gave the
agency additional responsibilities, it responded by making internal adjustments.22 No
reorganization legislation has been enacted since 1913.
INS Restructuring Proposals in the 105th Congress23
Congress turned its attention to restructuring INS in the 105th Congress when
the report that accompanied the FY1998 Commerce, Justice, State, the Judiciary and
the Related Agencies Appropriations Act directed the Attorney General to review
recommendations made by the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform
(Commission) and submit a plan to Congress to restructure INS and the federal
immigration system (P.L. 105-119; H.Rept. 105-207). In addition to specific
language in the House report directing the Attorney General to submit a plan to
restructure INS, several bills were introduced that would have separated INS’s
service and enforcement functions.24
After submitting several reports to Congress, in 1997 the Commission submitted
its final report with recommendations that INS’s immigration functions be transferred
to other federal agencies. The Commission recommended that the processing of legal
immigration and naturalization claims be transferred to DOS, while the enforcement
functions remain at DOJ as an elevated enforcement bureau, with the exception of
worksite enforcement, which would be transferred to the DOL. The Commission
recommended the transfer of INS detention functions to the U.S. Marshall’s Service
or the Bureau of Prisons. It also recommended the creation of an independent
appeals board to handle all administrative appeals of immigration-related
determinations made by DOS, DOJ and DOL.
In 1998, the Administration submitted to Congress its proposal to restructure
INS. The report, A Framework for Change: The Immigration and Naturalization
Service, established a plan to separate the service and enforcement functions, and
increase managerial accountability, among other things. While acknowledging some
of the Commission’s recommendations,25 the Administration’s plan failed to address
21 37 Statute 737.
22 For example, from 1909 to 1917, numerous internal changes were made including the
creation of 23 districts responsible for general immigration services and enforcement in
1910. In 1921, the Bureau organized into three general areas: general administration, quasi-
judicial agencies, and the field service. See Appendix B for a chronology of past INS
reorganizations.
23 Information in this section was obtained from CRS Report RL30257, Proposals to
Restructure the Immigration and Naturalization Service, by William J. Krouse.
24 See, for example, H.R. 2588 and H.R. 4264.
25 The Administration acknowledged that the Commission on Immigration Reform correctly
identified many longstanding issues within INS such as insufficient accountability between
(continued...)

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CRS-10
them, according to some critics, notably the dispersal of functions to other agencies.
The plan was never fully implemented.
INS Restructuring Proposals in the 106th Congress26
There were several legislative proposals to restructure INS in the 106th
Congress. Two pieces of legislation would have expanded and elevated the
immigration service (S. 1563 and H.R. 2680), while two other bills (H.R. 2528 and
H.R. 3918) would have dismantled INS, creating two new bureaus (service and
enforcement) within DOJ.
The Administration’s Proposals
The Administration has made several proposals to restructure INS. The most
recent proposal that was adopted by Congress, in part, transfers INS to a newly
created Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Preceding the Administration’s
June 6 proposal to transfer INS to DHS, the Administration carried forward a
restructuring plan to split the agency’s service and enforcement functions within INS.
June 6, 2002 Proposal27
The Administration has proposed to transfer INS to a new homeland security
department. The goal of the Administration’s proposal is to consolidate into a single
federal agency under one cabinet-level person many of the homeland security
functions performed by units within various federal agencies and departments. To
this end, the Administration plan would place all of the functions of INS in two
separate bureaus under the Border and Transportation Security Division of the
proposed department. It appeared in the June 6, 2002 plan that DOS would retain its
visa issuance responsibilities.
Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296). The Homeland Security
Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296) was signed into law on November 25, 2002. The Act
abolishes INS and transfers its immigration enforcement function to a newly created
Bureau of Border Security under a Directorate of Border and Transportation Security
in DHS. The act creates an Assistant Secretary position that will be in charge of the
Bureau of Border Security and will report directly to the Under Secretary for Border
and Transportation Security. The bill transfers INS’ immigration service function to
DHS in a Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. The Act creates a
25 (...continued)
field offices and headquarters, competing priorities within field offices, lack of consistency
in application of the law, a need for greater professionalism, overlapping organizational
relationships, and significant management weaknesses.
26 Information in this section was obtained from CRS Report RL30257, Proposals to
Restructure the Immigration and Naturalization Service, by William J. Krouse.
27 See CRS Report RL31560, Homeland Security Proposals: Issues Regarding Transfer of
Immigration Agencies and Functions, by Lisa M. Seghetti and Ruth Ellen Wasem.

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CRS-11
Director position that will be in charge of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration
Services and will report directly to the Deputy Director of DHS. The Act allows the
President to reorganize functions or organizational units within both Bureaus but
explicitly prohibits the President to join or consolidate the functions or organizational
units of these bureaus into a single agency.
P.L. 107-296 retains the visa issuance function with DOS but gives the
Secretary of DHS authority to issue regulations on visa policy.28 The Act gives
statutory authority to EOIR and keeps it under the Attorney General, and transfers
INS’ unaccompanied alien children function to DHHS’ ORR.
November 14, 2001 INS Restructuring Plan
On November 14, 2001, Attorney General John Ashcroft and INS
Commissioner James W. Ziglar unveiled a plan to restructure INS. Because the
Congress has delegated broad authority to the Attorney General to administer
immigration laws, the Administration maintains it can implement this reorganization
plan without legislation. The plan would maintain the INS Commissioner’s position
to oversee all of INS functions. One of its main features is splitting the service and
enforcement functions into two separate bureaus. Each bureau would have its own
chain of command and executive commissioner who would head the bureau.
The plan would maintain some of the offices and positions under the current
organizational structure, and create several new offices and positions within each
bureau, including a customer relations office in the newly created Bureau of
Immigration Services and an ombudsman office in the newly created Bureau of
Immigration Enforcement; and an Office of Quality Assurance. The plan also creates
a Director of Service Center Operations; an Office of Asylum and Refugees within
the service bureau; a Director for the International Division; a Director for detention
and removal; a Chief of the Border Patrol and Interior Enforcement; Area Port
Directors; and Special Agents in Charge within the enforcement bureau.
In addition to the two bureaus, the plan creates three new positions that would
report directly to the commissioner (a Chief Information Officer, a Chief Financial
Officer, and a Chief Administrative Officer). It also creates a new Office for Juvenile
Affairs whose director would report directly to the commissioner.29
On April 17, 2002, Attorney General John Ashcroft announced action on his
first steps to reorganize INS.30 The Attorney General stated that INS’s border patrol
28 See CRS Report RL31512, Visa Issuances: Policy, Issues, and Legislation, by Ruth Ellen
Wasem.
29 The proposed newly created Office of Juvenile Affairs would oversee INS-related matters
pertaining to unaccompanied minors.
30 U.S. Department of Justice. News Release. INS Announces First Major Structural
Changes in Restructuring. Washington, April 17, 2002.

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CRS-12
and detention facilities would have a “... more direct chain of command ...”31 Instead
of reporting to Sector Chiefs, who report to Regional Directors, the Chief Patrol
Agents of the 21 border patrol sectors will report directly to the Chief of Border
Patrol, located at INS headquarters. The positions of Sector Chiefs and Regional
Directors are eliminated under the new organizational structure.
The directors in charge of INS’s eight Service Processing Centers32 will also
report directly to INS headquarters, instead of to the District and Regional Directors
whose positions will be eliminated under the new restructuring plan.
The Attorney General also announced the launching of a search for a Chief
Financial Officer and a Chief Information Officer position to be located directly
under the INS Commissioner. Also, an Office of Juvenile Affairs is being
established.33
The Attorney General is also establishing a “Field Advisory Board” to act as a
liaison between INS’s headquarters and the field offices during the restructuring
period. The Field Advisory Board was not included in the Administration’s
November 14, 2001 INS restructuring plan.
Restructuring Legislation in the 107th Congress
Prior to the President’s announcement about placing INS in a new homeland
security department, Congress and the Administration were moving forward with
efforts to restructure INS. Several pieces of legislation before the 107th Congress
would abolish INS and do one of the following: (1) create separate bureaus within
DOJ to carry out INS’s current immigration services and enforcement functions that
would report to a newly created Associate Attorney General; (2) create a new
integrated immigration agency within DOJ; and (3) disperse INS’s service functions
among a number of different agencies and create a new enforcement agency within
DOJ.
The Barbara Jordan Immigration Reform and
Accountability Act of 2002 (H.R. 3231)
The “Barbara Jordan Immigration Reform and Accountability Act of 2002"
(H.R. 3231) would abolish INS and create an Office of Associate Attorney General
for Immigrant Affairs within the DOJ. Under the newly created Office, two new
bureaus would be established, Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services and
Bureau of Immigration Enforcement. Each bureau would be headed by a director
who would report to the Associate Attorney General for Immigration Affairs. Within
each Bureau would be the following newly created offices and positions: (1) Office
31 Ibid.
32 The INS Processing Centers are detention facilities.
33 For further information see CRS Report RL31513, Homeland Security: Side by Side
Comparison of H.R. 5005 and S. 2452, 107th Congress.

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CRS-13
of Policy and Strategy, (2) Legal Advisor, (3) Chief Budget Officer, and (4) Office
of Congressional Intergovernmental and Public Affairs. The Bureau of Citizenship
and Immigration Services would also have a newly created Office of Citizenship.
Under the act, the newly created Immigration Services Bureau would process
immigration, refugee, asylum, and naturalization-related applications. The Office of
Special Counsel for Immigration Related Unfair Employment Practices and the
immigration functions of the Office of Immigration Litigation from DOJ’s Civil
Rights Division would be transferred to the Bureau.
The newly created Immigration Enforcement Bureau would be responsible for
all border patrol, inspections, detention, removal, investigation, and intelligence
functions. The act would also transfer the enforcement functions of the Office of
Special Investigations from DOJ’s Criminal Division and the enforcement functions
of the Office of Immigration Litigation from DOJ’s Civil Division to the newly
created bureau.
H.R. 3231 would also create several new positions and offices within the Office
of Associate Attorney General for Immigrant Affairs: (1) Policy Advisor; (2)
General Counsel; (3) Chief Financial Officer; (4) Director of Shared Services; (5)
Office of the Ombudsman; (6) Office of Professional Responsibility and Quality
Review; and (7) Office of Children’s Affairs.
The act would also create an Office of Immigration Statistics within the Bureau
of Justice Statistics. The Office would be responsible for maintaining all
immigration-related statistics of the agency and the Executive Office for Immigration
Review (EOIR), among other things. This activity is currently under INS’s Office
of Policy and Planning.
The act would require the Attorney General to develop an internet-based system
that would allow customers to access online information pertaining to the status of
their immigration applications. It would also require the integration of databases
used by both the service and enforcement bureaus with the databases used by EOIR.
The act would also authorize the Associate Attorney General to terminate
employment of any employee who willfully deceives the agency or Congress.
The act would transfer certain functions, personnel, and resources to the newly
created agency, authorize appropriations for the newly created agency, and establish
a separate account for adjudication services’ fees collected. The act would authorize
appropriations for the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services and for the
Immigration Enforcement Bureau. The act would also establish a separate account
for restructuring activities.
On April 25, 2002, the House passed the act with amendments. The “manager’s
amendment,” among other things, would require the directors of both bureaus to
develop and implement a plan that would rotate managers and supervisors among
different functions of the respective bureau; permit the Attorney General to provide
“voluntary separation incentive payments” for certain INS employees to help carry
out the restructuring plan; and permit the Attorney General to conduct a
demonstration project for 5 years for the purpose of changing policies and procedures

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CRS-14
pertaining to methods for disciplining certain employees that would result in
improved personnel management. Other amendments would require the Attorney
General to develop and submit a plan to Congress that would ensure adequate legal
representation for unaccompanied minors; require the Comptroller General to submit
a report to Congress on whether the fees collected by the newly created Bureau of
Citizenship and Immigration Services are sufficient to carry out the bureau’s
functions; require the newly created Office of Immigration Statistics to collect
statistics by regions on the number of applications and petitions filed by aliens and
denied, including the reason for such denials; and authorize the director of the Bureau
of Citizenship and Immigration Services to implement pilot initiatives that would
eliminate the immigration application backlogs and prevent them from recurring.
The Immigration Reform, Accountability, Security, and
Enforcement Act of 2002 (S. 2444)
The “Immigration Reform, Accountability, Security, and Enforcement Act of
2002" (S. 2444) was introduced on May 2, 2002 by Senator Kennedy (Chairman of
the Subcommittee on Immigration, Senate Judiciary Committee) and Senator
Brownback. The act would abolish INS and create a new Immigration Affairs
Agency within DOJ, headed by a Director. The legislation would create the
following new positions: (1) General Counsel, (2) Chief Financial Officer, (3) Chief
of Policy and Strategy, and (4) Chief of Congressional, Intergovernmental, and
Public Affairs. Two new bureaus would be created under the act: the Bureau of
Immigration Service and Adjudication and the Bureau of Enforcement. Both bureaus
would be headed by a Deputy Director who would report to the Director of
Immigration Affairs. Within each bureau would be the following newly created
offices and positions: (1) Chief Budget Officer, (2) Office of Quality Assurance, and
(3) Office of Professional Responsibility. The act would place the INS inspections
function directly under the Director of Immigration Affairs.
Under the act, the newly created Bureau of Immigration Service and
Adjudication would process immigration, refugee, asylum, and naturalization-related
applications. The bureau would also make determinations pertaining to custody and
parole with regard to asylum seekers. It also would transfer all adjudication functions
performed at service centers to the newly created bureau. The newly created Bureau
of Enforcement would be responsible for border patrol, detention, removal,
intelligence, and investigation functions.
The act would create an Office of Ombudsman for the Agency and an Office of
the Children’s Services within DOJ. The newly created Office of Ombudsman would
assist individuals in problem resolution, identify systemic problems, propose changes
to mitigate problems, and monitor the local offices. The newly created Office of the
Children’s Services would oversee all functions pertaining to the care and custody
of unaccompanied alien children, including coordinating and implementing law and
policy for unaccompanied alien children that come into DOJ’s custody.

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CRS-15
The act would create an Office of Immigration Statistics within the Bureau of
Justice Statistics. The office would be responsible for maintaining all immigration-
related statistics of the agency and the EOIR, among other things.34
The bill was referred to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on May 2, 2002
and no further action has been taken.
The Immigration Restructuring and Accountability Act of
2001 (H.R. 1562)
The “Immigration Restructuring and Accountability Act of 2001" (H.R. 1562)
would replace INS with a newly created Office of the Associate Attorney General for
Immigration Affairs within DOJ. The Associate Attorney General for Immigration
Affairs would be in charge of two newly created bureaus: the Bureau of Immigration
Services, and the Bureau of Immigration Enforcement.
The following offices and positions would be under the Associate Attorney
General for Immigration Affairs: (1) Counsel, (2) Chief Financial Officer, (3) Office
of Shared Services, and (4) Office of Immigration Quality Assurance, Professional
Responsibility, and Customer Service.
The act would create a position of the Director and an Office of Children’s
Affairs in each bureau. It would charge the Bureau of Immigration Services with
those functions currently under immigration services in INS; and the Bureau of
Immigration Enforcement would be charged with those functions currently under
immigration enforcement in INS, with the exception of INS inspections. The act is
silent regarding INS inspections.
The act would require the Attorney General and the Secretary of Labor to
develop an internet-based system that would allow customers to access online
information pertaining to the status of applications. The act would also transfer
certain functions, personnel, and resources to the newly created Office.
The bill was referred to several House committees in April 2001, and no further
action has been taken.
The Immigration and Naturalization Service Reorganization
Act of 2002 (H.R. 4108)
The “Immigration and Naturalization Service Reorganization Act of 2002"
(H.R. 4108) would abolish INS and the position of INS Commissioner and create a
Bureau for Immigration Enforcement within DOJ. The act would create a position
of Director to head the newly created bureau. The bureau would perform those
functions currently under immigration enforcement at INS, and it would permit the
detention program to be delegated to the Federal Detention Trustee. The act would
also create a position of General Counsel for the bureau.
34 This activity is currently under INS’s Office of Policy and Planning.

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CRS-16
The act would transfer other functions to different agencies. The immigration
services function currently under INS’s jurisdiction would be transferred to DOS.
Employment-related immigration functions currently under INS’s jurisdiction would
be transferred to DOL. The act would provide for the appropriate transfer of
personnel and resources to the respective agencies.
The bill was introduced and referred to the House Judiciary Committee on April
9, 2002, and no further action has been taken.
Analysis of Selected Options to Restructure INS
All of the proposals to restructure INS have one aspect in common: they would
separate INS’s two primary functions of providing immigrant services and enforcing
the immigration law. Some critics contend, however, that there are problems with
this approach. Separating the services and enforcement functions, according to some
critics, does not address those immigration activities that have dual functions. In
their service function, INS inspectors are often the first line of contact for all aliens
seeking entry into the country, including asylum seekers who may not have proper
documents. In their enforcement function, INS inspectors are on the front line for
enforcing immigration law and securing the nation’s borders. While these two core
functions are clearly delineated at the policy making level, some critics believe that
splitting the two functions could exacerbate problems with the front line
implementation of the competing service and enforcement policies. For example, the
INS inspector must make an immediate determination that an undocumented alien,
or someone who has questionable documents, should be excluded or detained for
further processing by an immigration court. INS inspectors, moreover, are also
expected to facilitate tourism and commerce while enforcing the law.
Another example of a front line function having both service and enforcement
components involves the processing of immigrant and naturalization petitions by
adjudicators. The adjudicators must be able to do thorough background checks,
detect fraudulent or inadmissible claims, and enforce the law when such a claim is
present.
Another concern about separating the service and enforcement functions
pertains to the functions’ budgets. Although the proposals would create separate
budgets and give each function’s mission equal attention, historically the INS
enforcement function has received more resources than its service function. INS’s
service function is primarily a fee-driven operation, and over the years critics charged
that there have been few direct appropriations to supplement undercharged or lost
fees,35 as well as overhead and administrative costs.
35 INS charges a fee to process the various types of immigrant applications (i.e., visa and
naturalization applications).

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CRS-17
Option I: Keep INS Intact, While Separating the Service
and Enforcement Functions
Some proposals would keep INS intact and create two separate bureaus for the
service and enforcement functions.36 Because the Attorney General has broad
authority to administer immigration laws, the Administration maintains it can
implement this reorganization plan without legislation.
Proposals that would keep INS intact create separate chains of command and,
in theory, enhance managerial accountability. Both bureaus would report to the same
centralized head, the INS Commissioner. Roles would be more clearly defined as the
functions would be separated, which would provide less opportunity for personnel
to perform both functions.37 And, some critics assert that keeping INS intact but
separating its functions, could provide for a better coordination and sharing of efforts
between the bureaus. The ease of obtaining information from the opposite bureau
would be strengthened under this type of organizational structure. Opponents argue,
however, that it is not clear how such a proposal would improve some of INS’s
longstanding systemic issues such as weak management controls and antiquated
database systems as well as the fragmentation of some functions across INS and other
agencies.
Option II: Dismantle INS and Create Two Separate Bureaus
Within DOJ
Another popular proposal to restructure INS includes dismantling INS and
creating two new bureaus within DOJ to carry out INS’s functions of providing
immigrant services and enforcing the immigration law. All of the proposals to
dismantle INS and create two separate bureaus would have a person in charge of each
bureau. They differ, however, as to who would be responsible for overseeing the
heads of the two bureaus and their functioning.
Proposals to dismantle INS, and, in essence, create new bureaus would provide
lawmakers and officials a “clean slate.” Some assert, however, that this approach
could compound the deficiencies in INS’s management controls and weak
information systems. In light of the events of September 11, the need for both
functions to share information with one another is paramount in order for U.S.
immigration policy to be effective. Opponents argue that dismantling INS and
establishing new entities within DOJ could exacerbate the already existing problem
of information sharing between the two functions. All of the proposals, supporters
contend, address this issue by creating an office of shared support under a newly
created position of Associate Attorney General or under the Director’s jurisdiction.
36 As mentioned earlier, this is the approach taken by Attorney General Ashcroft in his
recent restructuring initiative.
37 Under the current organizational structure, the functions are blurred, creating an
atmosphere that reportedly invites personnel to engage in performing both functions. Issues
such as personnel not having proper training in the other function and being spread too thin
are of concern to some critics.

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CRS-18
Option III: Dismantle INS and Disperse Its Functions to Other
Agencies
A final approach that has been advanced in the 107th Congress would dismantle
INS and disperse its immigration service functions to other federal agencies that have
related functions (while creating a new agency within DOJ to carry out INS’s
enforcement functions). Transferring INS’s service functions to those agencies that
already perform related functions would address concerns regarding perceived
fragmentation of efforts. Also, by removing INS’s service functions from DOJ,
primarily a law enforcement agency, some commentators believe that these functions
would receive more attention.
On the other hand, opponents contend that such an approach would transfer
these functions to agencies that do not view immigration issues as fundamental to
their missions. Moreover, INS’s two functions are interdependent, in particular
regarding their databases, and separating the two functions and placing them in
separate agencies with separate heads, critics contend, may further complicate their
ability to share information with one another.
Border Consolidation Proposals
The idea of consolidating agencies’ border security functions is not a new
concept. Proposals to consolidate border security-related functions were advanced
as early as 1930.38
Several proposals have been advanced in the 107th Congress to consolidate the
agencies that have border security-related functions. The Director of Homeland
Security, Tom Ridge, has proposed several plans to consolidate INS’s border patrol
and inspections functions, the U.S. Customs Service inspections function, and the
Coast Guard into one “super agency.”
Several pieces of legislation have been introduced in the 107th Congress that
would merge these functions into a newly created department or agency. All of the
proposals would transfer the following agencies with border security-related
functions to a newly created department or agency:39 (1) the U.S. Customs Service,
(2) the INS’s border patrol, and (3) the Coast Guard. The U.S. Customs Service and
the Coast Guard would be maintained as distinct entities within the new department
or agency. Also, all of the proposals would charge the new department or agency
38 For historical information on proposals to reorganize federal agencies that have border
management responsibilities see: CRS report 97-974, Reorganization Proposals for U.S.
Border Management Agencies, by Frederick M. Kaiser.
39 Several other agencies’ functions would also be transferred to this new department or
agency, including the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Critical Infrastructure
Assurance Office, the Institute of Information Infrastructure Protection (of the Commerce
Department), and the National Infrastructure Protection Center and the National Domestic
Preparedness Office (of the Federal Bureau of Investigation).

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CRS-19
with coordinating homeland security activities, including border security functions,
among other provisions.
Two pieces of legislation (H.R. 5005 and S. 2452) would create a new homeland
security department and have been ordered out of their respective committees.40
The Department of National Border Security Act of 2002
(S. 2020)
The “Department of National Border Security Act of 2002" (S. 2020) would
establish a Department of National Border Security, headed by a cabinet-level
Secretary of National Border Security.
The Senate bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs
on March 15, 2002, and no further action has been taken.
National Border Security Agency Act (H.R. 3600)
The “National Security Agency Act” (H.R. 3600) would establish a National
Border Security Agency, headed by a Director who would be appointed by the
President and confirmed by the Senate. In addition to coordinating and integrating
border security-related activities, the Director would act as the “focal point” with
respect to enforcing U.S. immigration laws.
The bill was referred to several committees in December 2001, and no further
action has been taken on it.
Analysis of Border Consolidation Proposals
All of the proposals to consolidate the border management functions of federal
agencies that have such responsibilities concentrate principally on merging three
entities: INS border patrol and inspections functions, U.S. Customs Service
inspections function, and the U.S. Coast Guard. The proposals would create a new
cabinet-level agency or department.
These proposals seek to address concerns of duplicative functions currently
being performed by several different agencies.41 Duplication of efforts raises
concerns such as waste of resources (i.e., funds, personnel, and equipment) that
would also be addressed by consolidating the responsible agencies. Also, merging
these agencies addresses concerns about rivalry that may exist between them and
their lack of coordination and communication with one another. By merging these
40 See “The Administration’s Proposals” section, above.
41 INS inspections and U.S. Customs inspections both perform inspections at ports of entry.
Although both have different functions (INS inspects people who present themselves for
entry into the country and the U.S. Customs Service inspects goods), some observers have
argued that there is a potential for overlap.

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CRS-20
agencies, there would be one person in charge, rather than several persons with
different missions, objectives, and interpretation of the law.
According to some opponents, the proposals do not address concerns of the need
for information sharing between the immigration service and immigration
enforcement functions. Moreover, opponents contend that immigration service and
immigration enforcement have overlapping functions, and interagency coordination
would be harmed if the two functions are split. Also, they argue, the proposals do not
address how differing missions would be balanced. Examples of the latter concern
would be facilitating trade versus maintaining national security and protecting the
health and safety of U.S. citizens versus facilitating tourism and cultural exchange.

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CRS-21
Appendix A
Chronology of Selected INS Reorganization Proposals42
The following chronology highlights selected proposals set forth by
administrative or congressional studies, as well as administration-advanced proposals
to reorganize INS.
! 1930 — President Hoover proposed to unify the border patrol
functions of the INS, the U.S. Customs Service, and the Coast Guard
and place them under the Coast Guard in the Department of Treasury
(President Hoover made the same proposal in 1932). Also, the
House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee proposed
consolidating the border patrol and inspections functions of INS and
the Customs Service inspections function under the Treasury
Department.
! 1931 — The Wickersham Commission Report recommended
separating the service and enforcement functions.
! 1932 — The Bureau of Efficiency recommended consolidating the
Immigration Bureau’s border patrol functions with the Coast Guard
in the Department of Treasury.
! 1937 — The Byrd Committee Report recommended consolidating
the inspections and border patrol functions of INS and the Customs
Service.
! 1940 — The Bureau of the Budget recommended consolidating the
inspections and border patrol functions of INS and the Customs
Service.
! 1948 — Customs’ Management Improvement Study suggested the
creation of a federal border enforcement agency.
! 1949 — The Commission on the Organization of the Executive
Branch of the Government (the Hoover Commission) recommended
the creation of a new independent agency to perform immigration
functions.
! 1950 — The Senate Committee on the Judiciary Report No. 1515
recommended consolidating the functions of INS and Customs
Service only where such consolidations would not impair
enforcement or immigration laws.
! 1953 — The President’s Commission on Immigration and
Naturalization (the Perlman Commission) recommended the creation
of a new independent agency to perform immigration functions.1957
— The Commission on Government Security (the Wright
42 Information in the chronology was obtained, in part, from the following sources: U.S.
Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. History of the Immigration and
Naturalization Service. Committee print, 96th Cong., 2d Sess.; and The Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace. Reorganizing the Immigration Function: Toward a
New Framework for Accountability, by Demetrios Papademetriou, Alexander Aleinikoft,
and Deborah W. Meyers. Washington 1998.

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CRS-22
Commission) recommended the transfer of the Visa Division of
DOS to DOJ.
! 1966 — the Government Accounting Office recommended
consolidating the inspections functions of INS and the Customs
Service to achieve a “one-stop inspections process. Similar
recommendations were made in 1962 by a Customs’ Citizens Task
Force Report and in a 1968 Bureau of the Budget Interagency
Report.
! 1973 — Nixon’s Reorganization Plan No. 2 recommended
transferring the inspection functions of INS to the Customs Service
in the Department of Treasury.
! 1974 — An Office of Management and Budget Report (House
Government Operations Committee Report on Border Law
Enforcement and Problems of Customs-INS Coordination)
recommended a single-agency management strategy for the border.
! 1977 — The Office of Drug Abuse Policy report recommended a
single agency, to include INS and the Customs Service, to perform
port-of-entry inspections and border patrol.
! 1978 — The President’s Reorganization Project recommended
transferring the visa functions of DOS to DOJ, and also
recommended consolidating INS inspections and border patrol
functions with the Customs Service in a border management agency
in the Treasury Department.
! 1981— The Report of the Select Commission on Immigration and
Refugee Policy recommended separating the service and
enforcement functions, while keeping INS intact.
! 1983 — The Grace Commission Task Forces on the Department of
Treasury and Justice recommended consolidating INS border patrol
and inspections with Customs Service inspections.
! 1990 — The Report of the Commission for the Study of
International Migration and Cooperative Economic Development
recommended centralizing the immigration and refugee-related
functions by creating a new immigration agency.
! 1997 — Report of the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform
recommended dismantling INS and creating a new independent
bureau for INS’s enforcement function, placing INS’s service
function under the Department of State, and its immigrant labor-
related functions under the Department of Labor.

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CRS-23
Appendix B
Chronology of Implemented INS Reorganizations43
The following chronology highlights significant agency reorganizations. The
reorganization mandated by legislation is italicized.
! 1891 — The Bureau of Immigration was established in the
Department of Treasury to ensure federal control over immigration.
Its original function was to provide for the exclusion of certain
categories of aliens.
! 1903 — The Bureau of Immigration was transferred from the
Department of Treasury to the newly created Department of
Commerce and Labor. During this period, regulating foreign labor
was seen as an important immigration function.
! 1906 — Naturalization functions were added to the Bureau to form
the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.
! 1913 — Congress passed an Act that abolished the Department of
Commerce and Labor and created two separate Departments: the
Department of Commerce and the Department of Labor (DOL).44
The Act also provided for the transfer of the Bureau of Immigration
and Naturalization to the newly created Department of Labor, and
it divided the Bureau into two sections: the Bureau of Immigration
and the Bureau of Naturalization, headed by two commissioners.
! 1924 — As a result of increased illegal border crossings, Congress
recognized the need for enforcement measures to stem illegal entries
in the 1924 Immigration Act (4. Stat. 153), and a subsequent
appropriations act (43 Stat. 240) led to the creation of an expanded
border patrol.45 Prior to the formal creation of a border patrol, the
Bureau had maintained a small force of mounted guards on the U.S.-
Mexico border. The new border patrol extended to the U.S.-Canada
border.
! 1933 — The Bureau of Immigration and the Bureau of
Naturalization were combined to form the Immigration and
Naturalization Service (INS).
! 1940 — INS was transferred from DOL to the Department of Justice
(DOJ). During this war time period, national security was a primary
concern, prompting an emphasis on providing more effective control
over aliens. Many organizational changes occurred as a result of the
43 Information in the chronology was obtained from the following source: U.S. Congress.
Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. History of the Immigration and Naturalization
Service. Committee Print, 96th Cong., 2d Sess.
44 37 Stat. 737.
45 Congress recognized the need to enforce the immigration laws with regards to preventing
illegal aliens from entering the country in the 1924 Immigration Act; and in the
appropriations act, Congress created the border patrol.

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CRS-24
transfer to the DOJ, including growth in personnel, and the
establishment of additional divisions.
! 1952 — There was an administrative reorganization of the central
office that was prompted by the passage of the Immigration and
Naturalization Act of 1952.
! 1955 — There was a service-wide reorganization that included the
creation of regional offices to oversee field activities, realignment
and reduction of field offices, and the establishment of a field
inspection and security division. The 1955 reorganization also
included a reduction in personnel.
! 1979 — There was an administrative reorganization of the central
office.
! 1991 — There was an administrative reorganization of the central
office.
! 1994 — There was an administrative reorganization that included
the creation of four Executive Associate Commissioners for
programs, policy and planning, management, and field operations.

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