Order Code RL31152
Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Foreign Support of the
U.S. War on Terrorism
Updated October 7, 2002
Johanna Bockman, Meaghan Marshall, Anjula Sandhu
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Steven A. Hildreth
Specialist in National Defense
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Foreign Support of the U.S. War on Terrorism
Summary
In response to the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11,
2001, a number of countries and organizations pledged various forms of support to
the United States in its campaign against the al Qaeda network and the Taliban in
Afghanistan. This report summarizes support for the U.S. war against terrorism from
open source material. It will be updated as necessary. Please see the appendix for
internet links regarding abbreviations mentioned throughout the text. For additional
information on the U.S. response to terrorism, as well as further country and regional
information, see the CRS Terrorism Electronic Briefing Book at:
[http://www.congress.gov/brbk/html/ebter1.html].

Contents
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
International Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Selected NGOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Appendix: Links for Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
U.N. Action Against Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
U.N. Security Council Resolutions Regarding Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Military Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Laws by Country and Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Foreign Support of the U.S. War on
Terrorism
Overview
Shortly after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the U.S. war against
terrorism began to take shape. This war is a global effort that includes military
action, humanitarian assistance and peacekeeping operations in Afghanistan, police
and intelligence operations, and freezing of terrorists’ assets. Although much of the
war effort seems to be focused in and around Afghanistan, the reality is that this war
is worldwide, and that whatever degree of success it has achieved to date is a result
of a global coalition against the Taliban regime and against al Qaeda and other
terrorists around the world. This report describes foreign support of the war on
terrorism by country and major international organization.1 This report will be
updated as necessary.
The first U.S. action toward the war on terrorism occurred on September 15,
2001, when President Bush authorized a partial mobilization of the Reserves and
National Guard for homeland defense and civil support missions (Operation Noble
Eagle).2 A few days later, Congress passed a Joint Resolution (S.J. Res 23)
authorizing the use of U.S. Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks.
President Bush signed this into law (P.L. 107-40) on September 18, 2001. Using this
authority, the Department of Defense designated the military response to the
September 11th attacks as Operation Infinite Justice on September 20, 2001.3 Muslim
groups protested this name, arguing that only Allah could provide “infinite justice.”
The Department of Defense then changed the name to Operation Enduring Freedom
1 From open sources, it is difficult to assess with precision how many countries have agreed
to provide the types of assistance mentioned. Some statistics in the media are reported, but
no details are available. For example, the Associated Press reported on January 22, 2002 that
military assistance has been offered by 136 countries – over-flight authority granted by 89
countries, landing rights granted by 76 countries, and 23 countries agreed to host U.S. forces
involved in offensive operations. In the FY 2003 Budget request, President Bush noted that
more than 140 countries were helping to track and block terrorist’s access to money. At the
same time, it is sometimes difficult to discern exactly what the United States has requested
of other countries, and precisely what other countries have pledged. Secretary of Defense
Ronald Rumsfeld has declined to openly describe the support being given to the United
States, stating instead that each country was doing what they’re doing slightly differently,
and they have their own way of characterizing it. Some pledges of support, therefore,
continue to be ambiguous or deliberately vague.
2 Reserve and Guard mobilization can be a precursor to major military operations or war.
3 This name can be traced back to 1998, when in response to the bombings of U.S. embassies
in Kenya and Tanzania, Operation Infinite Reach conducted air strikes against Osama bin
Laden’s facilities in Afghanistan and the Sudan.

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on September 25, 2001. The first attacks against al Qaeda and Taliban forces in
Afghanistan were launched on October 7, 2001.
The military objectives of Operation Enduring Freedom were outlined by the
Department of Defense on October 7, 2001: 1) make it clear to the Taliban leaders
and their supporters that harboring terrorists was unacceptable; 2) acquire
intelligence to facilitate future operations against al Qaeda and the Taliban; 3)
develop relationships with groups in Afghanistan that oppose the Taliban and
foreign terrorists that the Taliban support; 4) make it increasingly difficult for the
terrorists to use Afghanistan freely as a base of operations; 5) alter the military
balance over time by denying to the Taliban the weapon systems they need to fight
opposition forces in Afghanistan; and 6) provide humanitarian relief to Afghans
suffering oppressive living conditions under the Taliban regime.
Various international organizations such as NATO and the U.N. have played
key roles in the war on terrorism. NATO invoked Article V for the first time in its
history, determining that the September 11th attacks should be considered an attack
on the alliance as a whole. The U.N. adopted a series of relevant resolutions and
expressed its readiness to take all necessary steps to respond to the September 11th
attacks. Further details on NATO, UN, and other international contributions are
found throughout this report.
The military effort against the Taliban and al Qaeda in Afghanistan was largely
successful. Subsequently, conventional Army and Marine Corps units deployed. The
last major offensive was Operation Anaconda (March 2 - 18, 2002). Its objective was
to destroy fortified al Qaeda and Taliban forces in the mountainous region of eastern
Afghanistan. Remaining Taliban and al Qaeda forces in Afghanistan are in retreat;
some remain in Afghanistan, and others have scattered around the world. U.S.
special operations forces deployed to the Afghan theater; similar elite forces from
other countries have participated, including those from Australia, Canada, Denmark,
France, Germany, Greece, Iran, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia (offered), Turkey,
and the U.K. Also, some European countries sent military forces, such as AWACS
early warning surveillance aircraft, to patrol U.S. territory so that U.S. military forces
could be deployed to the Afghan theater.
Although military operations continue in Afghanistan, U.S. and coalition
partners have broadened their agenda to include peacekeeping operations,
humanitarian relief, and reconstruction within Afghanistan. The International
Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was sanctioned by the U.N. on December 20, 2001
(U.N. Sec Res 1386). Twenty-three countries have contributed troops or personnel
to the ISAF,4 whose mission is to: 1) assist the interim Afghan government in
building a national security infrastructure; 2) assist in the country’s reconstruction;
and 3) assist Afghanistan in training its future security forces. In addition, U.S.
troops provide some assistance to the ISAF (i.e., logistical, intelligence, and quick
reaction force support), but they do not engage in peacekeeping. U.S. forces do
4 These include: Albania (integrated in the Turkish contingent), Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland,
Italy, Macedonia (integrated in the Turkish contingent), the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey.

CRS-3
provide training and assistance in the formation of the Afghan military, which
analysts refer to as “nation-building.”
A number of countries and organizations are helping with humanitarian
assistance and reconstruction in Afghanistan. A notable effort was launched in
Tokyo in January 2002. At the International Conference on Reconstruction
Assistance to Afghanistan, a number of donor countries pledged $4.5 billion in
assistance over the next several years (individual pledges are noted in the respective
countries’ support elsewhere in this report). The United States and the European
Union pledged about $297 million and $250 million, respectively, for a one-year
period. Donors exceeded the one-year Conference target of $1.7 billion.
The Bush Administration also is determined to go after terrorist’s financial
assets and disrupt their fundraising efforts. President Bush signed Executive Order
13224 on September 23, 2001. The Order initially froze all U.S.-based assets of 27
organizations and individuals and authorized the Secretary of the Treasury or
Secretary of State to add to that list.5 Since September 2001, 197 countries have
expressed support for these efforts, and 147 countries have either placed blocking
orders or asked for U.S. help in enforcing legal or regulatory measures to cut off
terrorist funding. Some notable financial efforts include actions taken by the UN, the
EU, G-8, the G-20, a 29-member Financial Action Task Force, and ASEAN.6
The global war on terrorism also includes intelligence sharing and law
enforcement cooperation. A number of countries, including some identified as state
sponsors of terrorism, have provided the United States with key intelligence
information. Also, a significant number of those individuals who have been linked
to the September 11th plot have been arrested in countries around the world.
As military operations wind down in Afghanistan, other military actions in
connection to the war on terrorism are being conducted. For example, U.S. troops
were deployed to the Philippines to help train the Filipino military in their on-going
efforts against the Abu Sayyaf terrorists, which have reported links to al Qaeda.7 In
5 The State Department (specifically the Office of Counterterrorism therein) has made all
the subsequent designations of foreign terrorist organizations. There have been 17 public
notices making such designations since the executive order was first issued in September
2001. It is the State Department and Department of the Treasury that are explicitly tasked
with implementing and managing the list, in consultation with the Attorney General. See the
order: [http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/sanctions/t11ter.pdf].
6 The U.N. ordered member states to freeze assets of organizations and individuals identified
on the Department of Treasury’s terrorist list. The EU urged its members to freeze assets of
those on the same list. G-8 nations developed a plan and called on its members to freeze
terrorist assets and establish financial intelligence units. G-20 nations agreed to freeze
terrorist assets, maintain financial intelligence units, and publicly post lists of frozen assets.
A 29-member Financial Action Task Force, an international anti-money laundering group,
expanded its mission to include combating terrorist financing. ASEAN members pledged
cooperation on restricting terrorist money flows.
7 From April 20 to July 31, 2001, some 1,200 U.S. troops, including about 160 special
operations personnel, deployed to train Philippine troops for their campaign against the Moro
(continued...)

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addition, U.S. special operations forces are helping to equip and train local anti-
terrorism units fighting militant groups in the former Soviet state of Georgia. Limited
military operations and cooperation are taking place elsewhere, as well, including in
Somalia, Yemen, and Pakistan.8
Response
International Organizations
Many international organizations have taken action after the September 11th
attacks. Some organizations have a regional focus; others are international in scope.
There are both intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental groups that
have acted in support of the U.S. fight against terrorism. Since there are so many
international organizations involved, only some of the more significant ones can be
outlined here.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). APEC leaders condemned
the attacks of September 11th and pledged their support to fight international
terrorism. The “APEC Leaders Statement on Counter-terrorism,” signed in October
2001, requires member countries to implement relevant U.N. conventions and
resolutions, including those aimed at cutting off financing for terrorist groups.
Additionally, the 21 members of APEC agreed to increase airport security and
develop financial controls to combat terrorism.9
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). As part of their
multi-faceted participation in the war on terror, members of ASEAN support the
implementation of the aforementioned APEC declaration. On November 5, 2001
ASEAN members issued a “Declaration on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism.”10
The declaration includes the following steps: strengthening national mechanisms to
7 (...continued)
Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). The MILF’s leader, Abu Saayev, was reported killed in a
coastal waters firefight, however the group continues its activities of sporadic kidnappings
and extortion. Although the bulk of U.S. troops have now withdrawn in keeping with the
agreement with the Philippine government, planning is underway for additional training
missions over the coming year.
8 In Somalia, U-2 overflights reportedly monitor potential al Qaeda bases. Also, U.S.,
French, and German naval forces off the eastern coast of Africa and in the Gulf of Aden are
seeking to block the shipment of weapons to terrorist groups and the transport of al Qaeda
refugees from Afghanistan. In Yemen and Pakistan, U.S. military and law enforcement
cooperation continues against al Qaeda terrorists. In Yemen, about 150 special operations
troops were deployed in April 2002 to train and advise Yemeni security forces in
counterterrorism operations. U.S. Navy and Coast Guard personnel are also in Yemen
advising on maritime security.
9 APEC Leaders Statement on Counter-Terrorism:
[http://www.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib/econlead/AELM_Counter_Terrorism.html]
10 ASEAN Declaration on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism:
[http://www.state.gov/coalition/dplm/8819.htm].

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combat terrorism; early signing/ratification of/or accession to all relevant anti-
terrorist conventions including U.N. Res. 54/109; increasing cooperation among
front-line law enforcement agencies; enhance information/intelligence exchange; and
promoting cooperation at bilateral, regional and international levels in a
comprehensive manner. ASEAN established a regional framework for fighting
transnational crime and adopted an ASEAN Plan of Action that outlines a cohesive
regional strategy to prevent, control, and neutralize transnational crime.
Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM). On October
12, 2001, CARICOM members signed the Nassau Declaration on International
Terrorism, which commits each member nation to fulfill their obligations under U.N.
Sec. Res. 1386 and 1373. CARICOM’s Regional Task Force on Crime and Security
met in July 2002 to develop a plan for fighting terrorism.11
European Union (EU). Following September 11th, the EU announced its
solidarity with the United States. The EU provided a joint statement of support from
member countries. Direct military assistance has been offered through NATO by
participating EU states.
The EU is actively promoting cooperation between member states on the
intelligence front. The European Council called upon the Justice and Home Affairs
Council to draw up a common list of terrorist organizations. In addition to
introducing a common definition of terrorism, the EU has also introduced a European
arrest warrant. In addition to its police forces, intelligence services, and judicial
authorities, various EU agencies, including Eurojust and Europol, have been
engaging in inter-agency dialogue to better combat terrorism.12 Europol has
organized a special anti-terrorist team that will cooperate with its U.S. counterparts.13
In an effort to combat the financing of terrorist activities, the EU has called
upon members to sign and ratify U.N. Res. 54/109 in addition to the EU Directive
on Combating Money-laundering.14 The new rules, to be implemented within the
next 18 months by the member states, seek to widen the definition of laundering and
require the reporting of suspicious transactions. In the war on the financing of
terrorist groups, many EU members have introduced new agencies and legislation
specifically designed to pool the resources of intelligence agencies, government
bureaus, law enforcement, and other analytical and prosecutorial bodies.
The European Union continues to play a role on the humanitarian front in
Afghanistan. In Tokyo, at the International Conference on Reconstruction
Assistance to Afghanistan, the EU pledged 2.3 billion Euros (about $2.27 billion) for
reconstruction over the period from 2002 to 2006. For 2002, up to 200 million Euros
11 Nassau Declaration on International Terrorism:
[http://www.caricom.org/archives/nassaudeclaration%20on%20territorism.htm]
12 Eurojust:
[http://europa.eu.int/comm/justice_home/news/laecken_council/en/eurojust_en.htm]
13 Europol: http://www.europol.eu.int/home.htm
14 European Union Directive on Money Laundering:
[http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/finances/general/launden.htm]

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(about $197 million) has been pledged and similar yearly contributions for the period
2003-2006.15
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The Gulf Cooperation Council,
consisting of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab
Emirates, pledged support for an international coalition against terrorism, citing “the
willingness of its members to participate in any joint action that has clearly defined
objectives.” On December 31, 2001, the GCC issued a statement finalizing joint
economic and defense projects to aid in the war on terrorism.16 Several members
already had in place agreements to allow the United States to preposition military
equipment and infrastructure on their territory in support of on-going U.S. operations
in the Persian Gulf. Although the Council has backed the U.S. anti-terrorism
campaign, it has cautioned the coalition to “resort to reason” and not to hold Islam
responsible for the actions of a few.
The State Department’s newly released report, entitled “Patterns of Global
Terrorism 2001,” stated that GCC member states have played a critical role in the
war on terrorism. “In addition to condemning the September 11 attacks publicly,
these governments took positive steps to halt the flow of terrorism financing and, in
some cases, authorized basing and/or overflight provisions.”
International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to
Afghanistan. The International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to
Afghanistan was held in Tokyo January 21-22, 2002. Ministers and representatives
from 61 countries and 21 international organizations attended. The conference was
chaired by Japan, the United States, the European Union, and Saudi Arabia. Afghan
representatives, including President Karzai, presented their plans for the
reconstruction of their country. To support these plans, donor countries pledged over
$1.8 billion for 2002. Some made multi-year pledges. The cumulative amount was
more than $4.5 billion. In addition to using existing funding mechanisms, the World
Bank will administrate a trust fund for the contributions. The United Nations and
international financial institutions, such as the World Bank, played a key role in
organizing and leading the conference.17
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The 18 NATO allies of the
United States formally agreed to invoke Article V for the first time, the mutual
defense clause of the North Atlantic Treaty, thereby deciding that the attacks of
September 11th on the United States should be considered an attack on the alliance
as a whole. Article V states that NATO members must consider coming to the aid
of an ally under attack, although it does not guarantee assistance.18
On October 3,2001, the United States requested that NATO mobilize its fleet
of 17 Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) early warning surveillance
15 EU and Afghanistan:
[http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/afghanistan/docs/tokyo.htm]
16 GCC Statement on the war on Terrorism: [http://www.gcc-sg.org/session22.html]
17 Tokyo Conference: [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/middle_e/afghanistan/min0201/]
18 NATO Article 5: [http://www.nato.int/terrorism/five.htm]

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aircraft from the Geilenkirchen air base in Germany and to send them to North
America to patrol U.S. territory so that U.S. AWACS and their crews could be
deployed to the Afghan theater. The United States received permission for
unlimited use of NATO sea ports, military bases, and air space. Selective sharing
of intelligence information and resources has also been offered. Furthermore, NATO
plans called for redeploying a naval force of nine ships from eight countries to the
eastern Mediterranean, in conjunction with a separate NATO-member fleet off the
eastern coast of Africa to boost NATO’s regional presence and free up American
naval vessels for the Afghan conflict. NATO countries agreed to replace any U.S.
troops pulled out of peacekeeping missions in Europe for the anti-terrorist campaign;
Germany agreed to lead NATO’s Operation Amber Fox in Macedonia; Czech and
Slovak troops have also supported the peacekeeping efforts in the Balkans.
Although NATO has supported U.S. military operations in Afghanistan, the
Organization has said that it will not automatically support an extended war on
terrorism to include military action against Iraq, Iran, or North Korea.
From September 24-25, 2002, the Defense Ministers from NATO’s member
countries met in Warsaw to discuss NATO’s transformation as it fights the war on
terrorism and also expands to include seven Central and Eastern European
countries.19 NATO’s expansion will be announced at the Prague Summit to be held
in November 2002.20 The war on terrorism has provided opportunities for these
prospective NATO members to demonstrate their support. For example, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania have sent troops to Afghanistan and Bulgaria has
offered the use of its airfield.
Organization of American States (OAS). Signatories of the Inter-
American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance agreed to “use all legally available
measures to pursue, capture, extradite, and punish” terrorists. They also agreed to
“render additional assistance and support to the United States and to each other, as
appropriate, to address the September 11th attacks, and also to prevent future terrorist
acts.”21 The OAS adopted the Hemispheric Cooperation to Prevent, Eliminate, and
Combat Terrorism.22 Acting under the charter of the OAS, all member states
condemned the attacks and were asked to “take effective measures to deny terrorist
groups the ability to operate within their territories.” The Inter-American Committee
Against Terrorism (CICTE), created in 1999, has met several times and developed
an ambitious agenda for multilateral, bilateral, and domestic action that was
approved by the Second Regular Session of CICTE on January 28-29, 2002.23
19 NATO Expansion: [http://www.nato.int/docu/comm/2002/0209-wrsw/0209-wrsw.htm]
20 NATO Summit in Prague:
[http://www.nato.int/docu/comm/2002/0211-prague/in_focus/enlargement/index.htm]
21 Inter-America Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance:
[http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/Treaties/b-29.html]
22 Hemispheric Cooperation to Prevent, Eliminate, and Combat Terrorism:
[http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/ga-res99/eres1650.htm]
23 Inter-American Committee Against Terrorism: [http://www.cicte.oas.org/history.htm]

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On June 3, 2002, the OAS adopted the “Inter-American Convention Against
Terrorism” to strengthen cooperation for the prevention, combat, and elimination of
terrorism.” On June 4, 2002, the OAS expressed its satisfaction with the CICTE
progress in formulating a set of measures to prevent, combat, and eliminate
terrorism.24
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). On
December 4, 2001, the 55-nation OSCE closed a two-day conference in Bucharest
by unveiling a counter-terrorism plan.25 Member countries agreed to share
intelligence concerning the whereabouts of suspected terrorists, to increase security
at borders, strengthen passport checks, and crack down on organized crime. The
OSCE also pledged to increase efforts to ensure that terrorists are not mistakenly
offered refugee or asylum status in member countries. The OSCE and the U.N.
Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UNDCCP) met in Bishkek,
Kyrgyzstan from December 13-14, 2001 to discuss ways to enhance security and
stability in Central Asia.26
In January 2002, the Portuguese chairman, Jaime Gama, told the Permanent
Council of the OSCE in Vienna that the fight against terrorism will be among the
Organization’s top priorities in 2002. Gama announced that he will appoint a
Personal Representative on Terrorism. The OSCE has established information-
sharing partnerships with numerous multilateral and regional organizations,
including the Group of Seven, the European Union, the Organization of American
States, the Asian pacific Economic Cooperation, as well as organizations in Central
Asia and the Caucasus. As a result of increased information-sharing and diplomatic
efforts on the part of the OSCE, cooperative channels of the OSCE stretch from
Portugal to Kyrgyzstan.
The OSCE met in Warsaw in early September 2002 to discuss human rights and
democracy issues and to elaborate upon the critical role that the OSCE will play in
the fight against terrorism. Polish Foreign Minister Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz stated
that “terrorism is directed against fundamental human rights.” The OSCE’s new
anti-terror policy coupled with its new Strategic Police Matters Unit, will both serve
as focal points for the regional effort to fight terrorism, thereby complementing the
global work of the UN. The conference addressed the following issues: policing,
border security, fighting trafficking, and countering the financing of terrorism.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The Shanghai Cooperation
Organization (SCO) consists of 6 members: China, Russia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. The organization was originally founded to prevent
terrorism, separatism, and extremism emanating from the border regions of these
nations. In a joint statement issued on January 7, 2002, the foreign ministers of SCO
countries pledged to cooperate against “terrorism, separatism and extremism” and
24 Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism:
[http://www.oas.org/xxxiiga/english/docs_en/docs_items/AGres1840_02.htm]
25 OSCE Bucharest Conference:
[http://www.osce.org/events/mc/romania2001/documents/files/mc_1007474752_o.pdf]
26 OSCE Bishkek Conference: [http://www.osce.org/events/bishkek2001/]

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to promote regional stability. The SCO supports the development of an international
“Comprehensive Covenant on Terrorism.” The group also intends to establish a
counter-terrorism body based in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The SCO has advocated a
strong U.N. role in the future of Afghanistan and rejects expanding military action
beyond Afghanistan’s borders. During the SCO’s meeting in June 2002, the foreign
ministers of each country agreed to more concrete counter-terrorism measures,
including cutting off financial assets of terrorists and their supporters.27
United Nations (UN). The U.N. Security Council expressed its readiness to
take all necessary steps to respond to the terrorist attacks of September 11th. The
U.N. passed a series of resolutions pertaining specifically to the situation in
Afghanistan, including U.N. Sec. Res. 1373 and later 1386.
U.N. Sec. Res. 1373 seeks to eliminate the financing of terrorism through the
creation of several anti-terror coalitions, task forces and working groups. The
resolution also calls for stricter border and visa controls and enhanced internal
security mechanisms.
On December 20, 2001, the U.N. Security Council unanimously adopted U.N.
Sec. Res. 1386 authorizing the establishment of an International Security Assistance
Force (ISAF). The primary objective of ISAF is to provide assistance to the Afghan
Interim Authority to maintain security in Kabul and its surrounding areas; it will act
as a peacekeeping force.28
In terms of economic cooperation, the U.N. Security Council has adopted
sanctions against Osama bin Laden and his terrorist network. U.N. Res. 1333
requires all member states to impose arms embargoes against and to freeze the
financial assets of bin Laden and al Qaeda, as well as other groups associated with
them.
In August 2002, the Policy Working Group on the United Nations and
Terrorism published a report that outlined the organization’s progress thus far. It’s
three-part strategy is to: 1) dissuade groups from embracing terrorism; 2) deny
groups the means to engage in terrorist activity; 3) sustain international cooperation
in the war on terrorism.
World Bank (WB). Following WB participation in a 1997 U.N. mission to
Afghanistan, the WB developed a proactive “Watching Brief” engagement with
Afghanistan in line with the WB’s policies on relations with countries in conflict.
The overall goal has been to prepare the WB for eventually contributing to the
development of a reconstruction program and future operational work in Afghanistan
by expanding knowledge of key economic and social issues and by developing
contacts with members of Afghan society and the international assistance
community. In this fashion, the WB has aided the international community in the war
on terrorism.
27 Measures taken by members of the SCO to combat terrorism:
[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav042902.shtml]
28 ISAF: [http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/ISAF0502.cfm]

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Recent activities have included the following: continuous monitoring of
political and economic developments, managing three income-generating projects
for Afghan refugees in Pakistan by working closely with the U.N. and donors,
undertaking knowledge-building and knowledge-sharing activities, and providing
analytical underpinning for the work of the wider assistance community.
The WB has also launched the Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund (ARTF)
to help meet Afghanistan’s priority expenditures and coordinated financing
mechanisms.29 The ARTF assisted in the Afghanistan Interim Administration to fund
reconstruction projects and expenses such as salaries for civil servants, health
workers, teachers and police. ARTF also funds a transitional support strategy (TSS),
which is a program to assist Afghanistan for the next 6-9 months.
Selected NGOs
Doctors Without Borders (Médecins sans Frontières -MSF). MSF has
operated in Afghanistan since 1979. Since September 11th, it has continued with its
humanitarian assistance by providing food and managing health centers. Since
November 13, 2001, more than 60 international and 400 local staff have been
working from six cities in Afghanistan. In addition to its assistance to 18 clinics,
which provide 45,000 consultations per month, and its support of several camps for
displaced persons, MSF serves more than 4,000 children in its nutritional centers.
MSF has called for an increase in de-mining activities because, it notes, there are
many unexploded cluster bombs remaining in Afghanistan. In October 2001, MSF
issued a statement against humanitarian air-drops by U.S. military forces, arguing
that they contradicted the principle of impartiality of humanitarian aid, as defined by
the Geneva Convention.30 The organization also has teams in Iran, Turkmenistan,
Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.31
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). On December 5-6,
2001, the Afghanistan Support Group of the International Committee of the Red
Cross (ICRC) held its annual conference in Berlin. At the conference, the committee
defined its priorities as the following: reconstruction and support of medical
structures, the running of six orthopedic centers, mine awareness programs, support
of people in remote areas with food and non-food items, and visits to detained
persons.32
29 Afghan Reconstruction Trust Fund:
[http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/sar/sansf/Attachments/artf/$File/ARTF.pdf]
30 MSF argued that the humanitarian drops were of little real value to the Afghan people.
Moreover, as stated by MSF, “the deliberate adoption by the military of a ‘humanitarian’
purpose, was likely to cause real problems for truly independent non-government aid
organisations who are less likely to be perceived as impartial actors in the future.” MSF,
therefore, rejects the mixing humanitarian and military coalitions.
[http://www.msf.org.au/news_press17.stm]
31 Doctors without Borders: [http://www.msf.org/content/page.cfm?articleid=09F4395E-
2697-4DE3-87B935C3AF96A33F]
32 ICRC: [http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JRHZ?OpenDocument&
(continued...)

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In an effort to provide medical care and food, the ICRC has distributed
thousands of metric tons of food to Afghanistan, and has pledged to continue food
distribution the rest of the year, reaching over one million persons. The ICRC has
also followed through with its pledges to set up and run six orthopedic centers,
numerous hospitals, and several mine awareness programs. In addition, the
committee continues to assist infrastructure development projects, including water
and sewage systems.
Concerning detained persons, the ICRC encourages their humane treatment
under international humanitarian law, particularly the Geneva Conventions. This
should apply to Afghan Taliban and foreign fighters alike, the ICRC argues. ICRC
has visited nearly 6,000 security detainees and prisoners. In compliance with the
Third Geneva Convention, the ICRC has distributed nearly 6,000 Red Cross
messages through its “Red Cross Message Service” (RCM), allowing detainees at
Guantanamo Bay to contact their families. In addition, ICRC provided assistance to
about 3,000 detainees released from the places of detention. Furthermore, ICRC
provides instruction for Afghan army personnel in International Humanitarian Law.
ICRC works with national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies to provide
humanitarian assistance. The Afghan Red Crescent Society (ARCS) has 1,200 staff
and 1,500 volunteers, and operates in all but one of Afghanistan’s 32 provinces. To
provide humanitarian aid, ARCS works with other national societies, including the
Turkish and Pakistani Red Crescent Societies, within the International Federation of
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. It also receives funding from other national
societies. The ARCS participates in many different projects, including running
clinics and distributing food.33
Countries
Afghanistan. The anti-Taliban Northern Alliance gave its full support for the
antiterrorist coalition and fought alongside U.S. forces in Operation Enduring
Freedom. The Northern Alliance allowed the United States to remain in the facilities
that it initially held or captured, including the Soviet-built base at Bagram, 25 miles
north of Kabul.
Afghanistan contributed about half of the 2,000 troops that participated in the
U.S.-led Operation Anaconda. This operation included close-range fighting against
remaining al Qaeda and Taliban forces.
On June 13, 2002, Hamid Zarzai was elected by the Loya Jirga (Grand
Assembly) as head of the Afghan Transitional Authority. The new Afghan
administration approved the stationing of ISAF troops near Kabul, regarding it as a
sign of global commitment to peace in their country.
32 (...continued)
style=custo_final]
33 The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies:
[http://www.ifrc.org/docs/rascas/afrascas.asp]

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Albania. Albania has offered to support the United States and its allies by
providing use of its ports, airspace, and airports. Albania sent a contingent of 30
special forces troops, which arrived in Afghanistan on August 16th. The Albanian
peacekeepers are working under Turkish command and will stay in Afghanistan for
six months.
Albanian police and justice authorities are actively cooperating with their
counterparts in the United States and the European Union. Furthermore, authorities
are strengthening background checks and implementing tighter immigration controls.
This has led to several arrests of people connected to al Qaeda and the expulsion of
others. Most importantly, Albania froze the accounts and assets of Jasin Kadi, a
Saudi businessman with major business holdings in Albania. Kadi is thought to
support al Qaeda is linked to suspected terrorist Abdel Latifi, whom Albania
extradited in November 1999. In addition, the bank accounts of several Arab
companies, which were being administered by the Arab-Albanian Islamic Bank and
the International Trade Bank of Malaysia, have now been frozen. Al Qaeda accounts
were among them.
Albania acceded to the U.N. Res. 52/164 in January 2002 and U.N. Res. 52/109
in April 2002.
Algeria. In the wake of September 11th, Algeria made it clear that it supports
the U.S. efforts to root out terrorism. In November 2001, Algeria ratified the U.N.
Res. 54/109. In January, Algeria and the United States held joint military maneuvers.
A London-based Middle East newspaper reported that Algeria and the United States
created a joint security commission for the surveillance and pursuit of armed Islamic
groups.
Angola. Angola supports resolutions and conventions against terrorism both
internationally via the U.N. and regionally as a member of Organization for African
Unity (OAU). The Angolan National Assembly called for Angola to participate in
the fight against terrorism on a broad range of issues. In December 2001, the
Angolan government sponsored a meeting of the Southern African Development
Community (SADC) committee on defense and security to discuss regional strategies
to combat terrorism. Following this meeting, the Angolan Parliament passed a
resolution to bolster Angola’s efforts to combat terrorism. This resolution calls upon
the Angolan government to work with regional and international bodies to fight
terrorism by cooperating in the technical, economic, financial and judicial areas.
Antigua and Barbuda. On October 18, 2001, the Parliament of Antigua &
Barbuda passed strong anti-terrorism legislation. Antigua and Barbuda fully supports
U.N. Sec. Res. 1373, which makes it obligatory for all states to impose far-reaching
measures to combat terrorism. See CARICOM also.
Argentina. Following September 11th, Argentina voiced full support for U.S.
actions and offered Argentine troops as part of any humanitarian effort. Argentina
is sharing intelligence information with the United States. In March 2001, Argentina
signed U.N. Res. 54/109 and has taken steps accordingly to try terrorist suspects.

CRS-13
Armenia. Armenia has offered the use of its airspace to support U.S. military
action in Afghanistan.
Australia. Invoking Article IV of the Australia, New Zealand, and United
States (ANZUS) security treaty, the attacks of September 11th were declared an
attack on Australia.
The Australian Defense Force currently provides between 850 and 1,300 people
at any one time to support the coalition’s military efforts. Two rotations of
Australia’s elite Special Air Services (SAS) have served in Afghanistan. A third
contingent of approximately 150 special forces troops began in mid-August. An
unspecified number of these forces contributed to Operation Anaconda. The
Australian government has said that it will continue to maintain troops in
Afghanistan until it is satisfied al Qaeda is no longer a threat. Australia has
representatives at CENTCOM. Australia’s contribution to the operations includes
close-range fighting against al Qaeda and Taliban soldiers. Australia suffered the
first non-U.S. military fatality on February 16, 2002: SAS soldier Andrew Russell.
Australia has deployed a tactical command element on Multinational
Interception Operations and shares this position on a rotational basis with other
coalition partners. Australia has deployed two KB 707 tanker aircraft (with support
crew) for air-to-air refueling operations and four F/A-18 fighter aircraft (with support
crew) for air defense support. The F/A-18 aircraft have since returned to Australia.
Australia also has two frigates supporting Multinational Interception Force (MIF)
operations enforcing United Nations sanctions against Iraq in the Persian Gulf.
Australia had also previously contributed an amphibious landing ship to MIF
operations in the Persian Gulf; it has since returned to Australia. In addition,
Australia has offered two P-3 Orion long range maritime patrol aircraft for
reconnaissance tasks and C-130 aircraft. A National Command Element, led by
Brigadier Gary Bornholt, has been forward-deployed in the region providing
command and control for deployed forces.
In September 2002, the Australian government launched two new military
counter-terrorism units. The 300-strong Incident Response Regiment is trained to
respond to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear attacks in Australia and
overseas. The second unit, the Tactical Assault Group, is an elite commando force
that can be deployed at short notice to respond to terrorist incidents, such as a
hostage siege.
Australia offered to contribute troops to coalition peacekeeping efforts.
However, Australia’s troops have not yet participated.
Australia has taken steps to strengthen financial intelligence against terrorism.
As part of this effort, the Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Center
(AUSTRAC) has offered to provide full support to its U.S. counterpart, the Financial
Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN), in obtaining relevant financial
information. The Government has also directed the Reserve Bank of Australia to
stop payments on any transactions by or to the 27 organizations and individuals
identified as sponsors of terrorism by President Bush’s Executive Order 13224.

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Australia has committed to $524 million to support its efforts in the fight against
terrorism for 2001-2003 and $40 million to aid in rebuilding Afghanistan.
Australia acceded to U.N. Res. 52/164 in August 2002.
Austria. As a neutral country, Austria has not taken part in Operation
Enduring Freedom. However, it supports the operation through its contributions to
the EU. Austria has approved military overflight and transit flights, and has deployed
75 soldiers to the ISAF.
Austria has helped the coalition in many non-military ways. In April 2002,
Austria ratified U.N. Res. 54/109. Austria has intensified bilateral intelligence
exchange and cooperation between its and the U.S. security agencies. Austria
created a financial market intelligence unit and passed legislation on anonymous
bank accounts to enhance the enforcement of the measures against money
laundering. These actions were designed to allow for the unimpeded persecution of
money laundering and other criminal offenses in the fight against terrorism.
Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan has offered to assist the United States in Operation
Enduring Freedom. Azerbaijan has provided blanket overflight rights and plans to
provide military forces to the ISAF.
Azerbaijan has also cooperated in the area of police intelligence. After the
September 11th attacks, Azerbaijan arrested 10 Egyptian nationals and handed them
over to Cairo at Egypt’s request. All ten of those arrested were suspected of having
ties to terrorist organizations.
Although Azerbaijan had signed U.N. Res. 52/164 prior to September 11th,
Azerbaijan also became a party to U.N. Res. 54/109 in October 2001.
Bahamas. The Bahamas signed U.N. Res. 54/109 in October 2001 and has
complied with U.N. Res. 1333.
The International Obligations Order 2001, enacted in the Parliament in
September 2001, prohibits “any person dealing with any property and any financial
institution licensed in the Bahamas from transacting business with Osama bin Laden,
al Qaeda or any individuals or entities associated with them, and who, for these
purposes, may be designated from time to time.” See CARICOM also.
Bahrain. Bahrain voiced strong support for the United States in its war on
terrorism and was the first GCC member state to offer its forces to the coalition
effort. Following the September 11th attacks, Crown prince Sheik Salman bin Hamad
Al Khalifa stated “in a time of need, we stand by our friends.” At the end of October
2001, President Bush designated Bahrain as a “major non-NATO ally.” This formal
distinction, which allows for increased military cooperation under the Foreign
Assistance Act (1961), is shared only by Egypt, Jordan, and Israel in the Middle
East.
Bahrain currently hosts the headquarters of the U.S. Navy’s Fifth Fleet, which
is home to aircraft carriers, destroyers, and other ships stationed in the Persian Gulf
and Arabian Sea. A Bahrain royal air base, located 20 miles south of the capital

CRS-15
Manama, also houses U.S. aircraft. Further, Bahrain has recently agreed to house
officers of the Marine Central Command.
Bahrain has deployed a naval liaison officer to Navy Central Command and has
sent one frigate and associated personnel to support naval missions in Operation
Enduring Freedom. Bahrain has provided bases and overflight permission for
Operation Enduring Freedom forces and maintains fighter units on continuous alert
to provide combat air patrols for national and coalition forces in Bahrain.
Additionally, Bahrain has entered into a bilateral Military Consultative Committee
with the United States, although details on the nature of this cooperation are
unavailable.
Bahrain has frozen financial assets of individuals and groups with suspected ties
to terrorist organizations. Bahrain has established a law enforcement unit within the
Bahrain Monetary Agency, the equivalent of a central bank, to monitor transactions
that could be linked to money laundering. In addition, Bahrain has taken steps to
promote international accounting standards for Islamic financial institutions. In
March 2002, Bahrain Finance Minister Abdulla Hassan Saif met with Treasury
Secretary Paul O’Neill to affirm their commitment to disrupting the financial flows
that fund terrorism. Bahrain has enacted legislation to prevent and combat money
laundering in accordance with the guidelines stipulated by the Financial Action Task
Force (FATF), of which the GCC is an active member.
Bangladesh. Bangladesh condemned the September 11th attack and offered
the United States use of its airspace, ports, and refueling facilities. Bangladesh
considers prevention and justice to be the twin aspects of the fight against terrorism.
The government has expressed its support of U.N. Sec. Res. 1386 and 1373. The
government of Bangladesh expressed its willingness to send peacekeeping troops to
Afghanistan and to participate in reconstruction. However, this plan was dropped
due to the opposition by some in the Bangladesh Nationalist Party-led coalition
government.
Barbados. See CARICOM.
Belgium. As a NATO member, Belgium supported the invocation of Article
V. Belgium has deployed one officer to CENTCOM and another to the Regional Air
Movement Control Center as deputy chief of operations. Belgium offered to send
troops to aid the U.S. military operation. Although Belgium’s troops were not
requested for military action, they have since been used for peacekeeping purposes.
Belgium is contributing more than 50 troops to the ISAF in Afghanistan. Since April
2002, a Belgian C-130 Air Force aircraft with crew and maintenance crew has been
based in Karachi, Pakistan to assist the mission of the ISAF.
Belgium contributed four people to Operation Noble Eagle supporting U.S.
homeland security efforts at Tinker Air Force Base.
Belgium led a large humanitarian assistance mission, which provided 90 metric
tons of high protein food supplement to feed starving children in Afghanistan. This
mission reportedly set the standards for later humanitarian operations. A Belgian Air

CRS-16
Force aircraft delivered this supplement, and a Belgian airbus was used to supply
250,000 vaccinations for children.
Belgium is also providing help in the areas of policing and intelligence. Since
September 11th, Belgium has arrested several men in connection with terrorist
activities. On September 13, 2001, Belgium officials arrested Nizar Trabelsi in
Brussels. Trabelsi led a terror cell in Brussels and is linked to an attempted attack
on NATO’s Brussels headquarters. Trabelsi is also alleged to have ties to al Qaeda
and bin Laden. Twelve Tunisian and Moroccan men were arrested for playing
allegedly a role in the assassination of Ahmad Shah Massoud, the leader of the
Afghan Northern Alliance.
The EU and NATO are headquartered in Belgium. Immediately after September
11th, Belgium tightened security around EU, NATO, and U.S. facilities throughout
the country.
Belize. Belize has signed the “Declaration Against Terrorism” of the Regional
Migration Conference, an intergovernmental forum of North and Central American
countries. See CARICOM also.
Bolivia. In the months following September 11th, Bolivia adopted the OAS
“Resolution Strengthening Cooperation to Prevent, Combat, and Eliminate
Terrorism.” As a signatory to U.N. Res. 54/109, Bolivia has also issued orders to
freeze terrorist assets.
Bosnia. Following September 11th, Bosnia’s Foreign Ministry spokesman
Amer Kapetanovi said, “this country will offer any kind of assistance the U.S.
government may ask for.” Bosnian opposition to terrorism has been considered
remarkably broad.
In October, six men with ties to al Qaeda were arrested by Bosnian authorities
following a raid on the Sarajevo offices of the Saudi High Commission for Aid to
Bosnia. Five of the six men arrested were naturalized Bosnian citizens. U.S.
intelligence sources believe these men were planning attacks on the U.S. Embassy
in Sarajevo and on American citizens in Bosnia. Although Bosnian authorities
cooperated with U.S. intelligence to apprehend the suspects, a Bosnian court ruled
in favor of the men’s release citing insufficient evidence to continue holding them.
The Bosnian government, however, allowed U.S. troops to seize the men as they left
the Bosnian detention center. Bosnian authorities have also raided several Muslim
charities accused of funneling cash for al Qaeda.
Brazil. Following the September 11th attacks, Brazil requested the OAS to
invoke the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance.
Although Brazil has not pledged military assistance to the United States,
President Cardoso expressed Brazil’s willingness to provide humanitarian assistance.
Speaking in front of the U.N. General Assembly on November 10, 2001, President
Cardoso said, “we will, within our possibilities, welcome [Afghan] refugees wishing
to settle in our country.”

CRS-17
Brazil is currently investigating several possible links to terrorism within its
territory.
Bulgaria. Following September 11th, Bulgarian Foreign Minister Solomon
Pasi said his nation was “ready to act as a (virtual) NATO ally.” To demonstrate its
commitment, Bulgaria granted access to U.S. aircraft to Bulgaria’s airspace. Bulgaria
established a National Coordination Center to facilitate the movement of land, air,
and naval forces of NATO countries. Bulgaria also offered basing for military and
humanitarian aircraft, as well as access to excavation and construction equipment,
in support of operations in Afghanistan. In November and December 2001, U.S.
tanker aircraft based in Bulgaria flew about six missions a day to refuel warplanes
in the Afghan theater. A Bulgarian military airport in the Black Sea is now a de facto
U.S. base with about 200 Americans stationed there. Bulgaria has also deployed
peacekeepers and a 40-person Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (NBC)
decontamination unit to support the ISAF.
Bulgaria has also provided other forms of support. Bulgaria is sharing
intelligence with the United States. On the basis of lists of persons involved in
terrorist activity provided by U.S. intelligence agencies, orders have also been issued
to all Bulgarian commercial banks and financial institutions to check and freeze any
possible accounts or assets possessed by persons on the lists. A similar order has
been issued to the Customs Agency to check any customs records of those on the
lists. New measures to tighten arms export control, trade with dual use goods, and
border and customs controls have also been made.
Bulgaria has also supplied the Afghan Interim Government with a delivery of
arms and ammunition on an assistance basis, a request which was forwarded through
ISAF to Bulgaria.
Bulgaria ratified U.N. Res. 52/164 and U.N. Res. 54/109 in February and April
of 2002, respectively.
Burkina Faso. During the first week of December 2001, Burkina Faso
became the thirty-ninth member state of the Organization for African Unity (OAU)
to sign the OAU “Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism.”
Cambodia. Cambodia has extended its full cooperation to the international
community to fight international terrorism by whatever means at its disposal. In
addition to U.N. Res. 54/109, Cambodia signed U.N. Sec. Res. 1386 and 1373.
Cambodia provides overflight rights and landing facilities to U.S. aircraft on
Operation Enduring Freedom missions. The National Bank of Cambodia (NBC) has
instructed all financial and banking institutions to freeze assets of persons and
entities involved in terrorist activities, as listed by the U.N. Security Council and the
United States. The NBC has also issued orders to prohibit transactions with persons
or entities considered to have links to terrorism. In an effort to aid in reconstruction
in Afghanistan, the Cambodian government has offered to share its de-mining
expertise with the new Afghan government.
Canada. As a member of NATO, Canada supported the invocation of Article
V. Following September 11th, Canada offered military assistance in the form of

CRS-18
troops, a commando unit, six warships, several Sea King helicopters, and six air
force planes. An additional eight CF-18 fighter jets were dedicated to continental
security under the North American Aerospace Defense Command. The Canadian
Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) and three humanitarian assistance ships
were also placed on alert to aid the United States if needed.
Currently, there are 50 Canadian personnel at CENTCOM in Tampa Bay, FL.
To date, Canada has sent approximately 3,000 personnel to the conflict region as part
of Operation Enduring Freedom. Canada also maintains specialized ground forces
in Afghanistan through a component of JTF-2. Canada’s National Support Unit of
175 personnel provides administrative and logistical support to all elements of
Operation Apollo, Canada’s contribution to the war on terrorism. Canadian naval
troops on four warships have taken part in Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO),
Leadership Interdiction Operations (LIO), escort duties and general maritime
surveillance in the seas between the North Arabian Gulf and the North Arabian Sea.
One CC 150 Polaris and three C-130 aircraft were used for strategic and tactical
airlift. Two CP 140 Aurora aircraft are conducting MIO/LIO operations as part of
Carrier Task Force 57.

Canada’s Light Infantry Battle Group deployed as part of TF Rakkasan with
828 personnel and 12 COYOTE armored reconnaissance vehicles. They were
deployed to Kandahar and led Operation Harpoon in March, in which they
investigated 30 caves and four mortar positions. During the same month, they
conducted patrols and uncovered a cache of weapons. In addition to continuing Civil
Military Cooperation (CIMIC) in the Kandahar area, they provided the Quick
Reaction Force to secure the site of the Apache helicopter that crashed on April 10,
2002. Canadian combat troops were withdrawn in July 2002 upon expiration of their
term of duty.
Since September 11th, Canada has provided $116.5 million in humanitarian
assistance to Afghanistan. As of July 2002, nearly $58 million had been allocated to
support emergency relief and reconstruction in Afghanistan in the form of medical,
food, and refugee assistance.
Canada’s new Anti-Terrorism Act and the Public Safety Act, introduced in
October and November 2001, respectively, include legal measures that increase the
country’s ability to combat terrorism.
Canadian intelligence has intensified its investigative efforts since September
11th. Nabil Al-Marabh is believed to have funneled money and documents to two of
the September 11th hijackers (Mohammed Atta and Marwan al-Shehhi). He is the
suspected leader of the Toronto-based Al Qaeda terrorist cell. In December 2001,
Nabil Al-Marabh was arrested while trying to illegally cross the U.S.-Canadian
border, and was returned to Canada to answer forgery charges.
Chile. Chile has adopted all U.N. counter-terrorism conventions. It has also
established anti-money-laundering laws, investigative units, and a new national
intelligence agency.

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China. See People’s Republic of China
Colombia. Colombia signed U.N. Res. 54/109.
Congo. See Republic of Congo.
Costa Rica. Costa Rica has signed the “Declaration Against Terrorism” of the
Regional Migration Conference, an intergovernmental forum of North and Central
American countries.
Cyprus. Cyprus has offered the United States use of its airport facilities.
Cyprus has declared its commitment to join forces with all governments at both
the bilateral and international levels in combating and eliminating terrorism,
according to a U.N. report circulated on January 16, 2002. While signing U.N. Res.
52/164 before September 11th, Cyprus also ratified U.N. Res. 54/109 in November
2001.
Domestically, Cyprus has created a Mobile Immediate Action Unit to combat
terrorism. This Union consists of a specially trained anti-terrorist squad as well as
police officers skilled in investigating terrorist activities. The Union is acting in
cooperation with European, neighboring, and other countries.
Cyprus has also established a special department dedicated to eradicating
terrorist financing and has outlined measures taken to discourage the financing of
terrorist activities. Penalties for such crimes include 15 years in prison and/or a fine
of one million Cyprus pounds (about $1.5 million).
Czech Republic. As a NATO member, the Czech Republic supported the
invocation of Article V. Following the September 11th attacks, the Czech
government expressed its full support for U.S. military action against the terrorists
and offered the United States use of its air space en route to the conflict zone. Three
Czech personnel are currently at CENTCOM. NATO’s Airborne Early Warning
System used a Czech TU-154 aircraft to transport persons and cargo. Approximately
250 specialists trained in anti-chemical protection were deployed to Kuwait to
protect the U.S. command and other units against chemical or biological weapons
attacks, as well as any ecological disasters. The Czech Republic has also offered a
special task force unit on anti-terrorism.
The Czech Republic has also provided medical support. The Czech Republic
has set up a field hospital with about 150 personnel (including doctors) in Bagram,
Afghanistan to support the ISAF. The field hospital is for the treatment of military
personnel and civilians.
The Czech Republic is also supporting the peacekeeping troops in the Balkans
through a joint battalion of Czech and Slovak troops.
The Czech Republic has donated 1,000 military uniforms to the Afghan
National Army.

CRS-20
Denmark. As a NATO member, Denmark supported the invocation of Article
V. On February 20, 2002, the Danish Air Force began the deployment of one C-130
aircraft with 77 crew and support personnel. Furthermore, Denmark will provide
four F-16 aircraft with between 70 and 100 personnel, which are currently on
standby in Denmark. Until June 2002, approximately 100 Special Operation Forces
troops were part of a multinational unit under U.S. command in the region. To date
there are five Danish personnel at CENTCOM.
Denmark is contributing 34 troops to ISAF, working in mine clearing, the
military police, and the ISAF staff. As of September 2002, Denmark suffered three
killed and three wounded in action supporting ISAF operations.
Denmark had signed U.N. Res. 52/164 prior to September 11th and later signed
U.N. Res. 54/109 in August 2002.
Djibouti. Djibouti has signed agreements securing overflight, landing, seaport
and basing rights, and supports Maritime Interception Operations (MIO). Djibouti
will send a liaison officer to CENTCOM. French Level III medical facilities have
been made available for use as needed, and Djibouti holds coalition forces from
France, Germany, the U.K., and the United States.
The government of Djibouti passed measures against financing of terrorism.
President Ismael Omar Gelleh issued a presidential decree in October 2001 to
establish a national anti-terrorism committee in compliance with U.N. resolutions.
Dominica. Dominica has established a task force implement the necessary
legislative and executive measures for the implementation U.N. Res. 1373. See
CARICOM also.
Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic signed the “Declaration
Against Terrorism” of the Regional Migration Conference, an intergovernmental
forum of North and Central American countries.
Ecuador. Ecuador has voiced its support for the war on terrorism via OAS
and U.N. declarations against terrorism.
Egypt. In the immediate aftermath of September 11th, President Mubarak
strongly condemned the attacks. Mubarak’s regime has generally supported the
Bush Administration’s response to September 11th, including the war in Afghanistan.
In late November 2001, Egypt sent three representatives to the war-planning
group at CENTCOM.
In addition to overflight rights, Egypt has shared intelligence with the United
States. The Mubarak regime has also stepped up arrests and prosecutions of Islamist
militants, including some accused of funding terrorism groups such as Hamas.
Ayman Al-Zawahiri, a key figure linked to the September 11th plot, serves as second
in command to Osama bin Laden. Al-Zawahiri has led the an Egyptian Islamic
group for the past ten years, which seeks to topple the Mubarak regime. He was
sentenced to death in absentia in Egypt for plotting anti-government activities.

CRS-21
Additionally, the government of Egypt has taken steps to weaken the financial
networks of terrorists.
El Salvador. El Salvador signed the “Declaration Against Terrorism” of the
Regional Migration Conference, an intergovernmental forum of North and Central
American countries.
Eritrea. In January 2002, the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development
(IGAD), comprised of six African member states, endorsed a resolution against
terrorism at a regional summit in Khartoum. Although the United States has
designated Eritrea as a country that houses al Qaeda cells, Eritrea maintains its
commitment to participate in any effort to bring the perpetrators or terrorist acts to
justice. The Government of Eritrea signed U.N. Sec. Res. 1373 and 1386. In June
2002, Eritrea sent two country representatives to CENTCOM.
Estonia. Following September 11th, Estonia declared its national support for
the war on terrorism and approved unconditional overflight and landing rights for all
U.S. and coalition partners. Estonia has agreed to send ten troops to Kyrgyzstan at
the invitation of Denmark to participate in the U.S.-led war against terrorism.
Estonia’s soldiers will join other troops from Latvia and Lithuania, pending
parliamentary approval. This will be Estonia’s first foreign military operation.
Estonia has also offered two explosive detection canine units for airbase operations,
as well as ten cargo handlers as part of a Danish contingent deployed to Manas,
Kyrgyzstan.
Estonia ratified U.N. Res. 52/164 in April and later U.N. Res. 54/109 in May
2002.
Ethiopia. The Ethiopian government has expressed its desire to cooperate
with the United States to eliminate terrorist threats. A joint arrangement has been
discussed whereby the United States provides intelligence, training, equipment and
transportation, and Ethiopia provides personnel. According to several U.S.
administration officials, the use of Ethiopia as a regional ally could become a model
for anti-terrorist actions elsewhere.
Ethiopia has agreed to all requests for support to Operation Enduring Freedom
and has offered access for basing, overflights, and site surveys. Ethiopia sent liaison
officers to CENTCOM in May 2002.
Ethiopia is particularly interested in threats posed by al Qaeda and by the local
Somali radical Islamic ally, al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (Islamic Unity), both of which are
active in Somalia. Although Ethiopia has declared its interest in cooperating with
the U.S. government, one Ethiopian diplomat has said, “if they don’t act, we’ll take
action unilaterally.” Ethiopia has shut down some terrorist financial networks
operating on its territory.
Finland. Following September 11th, Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen proposed
allowing the United States and its allies use of Finland’s airspace. As a neutral
country, however, Finland will not commit troops to military action, but will
participate in humanitarian relief operations.

CRS-22
The Finnish Military Liaison team at CENTCOM continues to concentrate on
civil-military operations with an objective to facilitate cooperation and coordination
between ISAF, Operation Enduring Freedom, and U.N. operations in Afghanistan.
There are currently two personnel at CENTCOM and one at Turkish Forces
Headquarters in Ankara. Finland has been providing the largest Civil-Military
Cooperation unit in Kabul in support of the ISAF. This unit currently consists of
approximately 30 officers.
Finland is currently assisting the Afghan administration, non-governmental
humanitarian organizations, and military forces in Afghanistan in an effort to
promote the long-term reconstruction of the country. At the Tokyo Conference on
Reconstruction in Afghanistan, Finland pledged to provide 10 million Euros (about
$8.8 million) annually over a three-year period.
Finland ratified U.N. Res. 52/164 and U.N. Res. 54/109 in May and June of
2002, respectively.
France. As a NATO member, France supported the invocation of Article V
following the attacks in the United States. Prime Minister Lionel Jospin offered U.S.
military aircraft use of French airspace. France has also contributed its only carrier
battle group operating in the North Arabian Sea, six Mirage-2000 fighter planes to
provide air support in Afghanistan, air reconnaissance assets, and refuelers. France
sent 4,200 troops to Afghanistan and to Manas airfield in Kyrgyzstan. France has
contributed C-160 and C-130 aircraft for humanitarian assistance and mission air
support. Two KC-135 aircraft have deployed to Manas, Kyrgyzstan to provide aerial
refueling.
The first contingent of French soldiers arrived in Mazar-e Sharif on November
16, 2001. The 58 soldiers, mainly paratroopers and engineers, were assigned to
secure the city’s airfield, defend humanitarian operations, and prevent violence from
breaking out among rival Afghan factions. France allowed the use of its satellites
and agents to help gather intelligence and work with anti-Taliban opposition in the
region. French special forces from the elite 2nd Foreign Legion parachute regiment
(Commandos de Recherche et d’Action dans le Profondeur) have been operating in
Afghanistan since March 2002.
Currently, there are 15 French personnel at CENTCOM. In agreement with
Kyrgyz authorities, the deployment of French fighter planes and tankers at Manas
airbase will continue. The naval air group was scheduled to leave in June, after
continuous operational deployment for over six months. A naval presence, including
two frigates, will be maintained in the region. French Atlantique aircraft deployed
in Djibouti under national control are participating daily in intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance missions. Approximately 60 French instructors are training an
Afghan army battalion and will soon train another.
In addition to providing military assistance, France takes part in the
peacekeeping efforts of the ISAF. In total, France is providing 520 troops to the
ISAF in such areas as mine clearing, ground troops, helicopter pilots, and hospital
staff. In June 2002, France confirmed that its troops will continue to participate in
the ISAF for at least six more months. These troops receive logistical support from

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the French Air Force forward base in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. France has also helped
improve the facilities and resources of the Kabul Medical Institute. French engineers
helped construct runways, a tent city, and a munitions storage facility at Manas.
France also provided airfield security (with canine units), a field mess unit, a
deployable weather bureau, and a Civil Military Operations team.
At home, France has detained people on terror-related charges. Eleven
suspected members of Tafkir al-Hijra, a fundamentalist Islamic group linked to Al
Qaeda, have been arrested by French authorities. French police arrested Yacine
Aknouche as a key figure in the plot to bomb the Strasbourg cathedral. He
reportedly provided information about central al Qaeda figures, including Abu
Zubaydah. France has made other arrests of individuals with suspected links to al
Qaeda, including David Courtailler, an associate of Moussaoui. Courtailler is
allegedly connected with the al Qaeda bombing at the American embassy in Kenya.
Georgia. Georgian officials pledged to help the United States in its efforts to
find and punish the perpetrators of the September 11th attacks. President Eduard
Shevardnadze stated that he would “include Georgia’s airspace and if need be
airfields and other infrastructure as well” for U.S.-led military strikes.
Chechen separatists and Arab mercenaries operating in Georgia along the
border with Chechnya have been identified by the United States as having ties with
Osama bin Laden’s al Qaeda network. In an effort to contribute to the war against
terrorism, President Shevardnadze agreed to take as many as 200 U.S. troops in
Georgia. In May 2002, a contingent of Green Beret trainers landed in Georgia. U.S.
troops will help equip and train local anti-terrorist units fighting against militant
groups operating in Georgia, with the goal of creating “interoperative” agencies and
bodies with which U.S. forces can better co-operate. U.S. forces, however, will not
be directly involved in combat activities.
Germany. As a NATO member, Germany supported the invocation of Article
V. Chancellor Gerhard Schröder pledged Germany’s “unlimited solidarity” and
provided the United States with access to German airspace, surveillance and
intelligence cooperation, and increased protection of U.S. installations.
Germany has made many contributions to Operation Enduring Freedom.
Germany has provided as many as 3,900 troops, including Special Forces. In May,
the German Navy assumed command of surface naval forces operating around the
Horn of Africa, which included guaranteeing the security of ship routes and cutting
off the supply and escape routes used by terrorist organizations. A unit of armored
reconnaissance vehicles for detecting nuclear, biological, and chemical
contamination, along with a crew of 250, were deployed to Kuwait for a defense
exercise and are now on standby in Germany. Germany also provided a “Flying
Hospital,” which included a medical evacuation Airbus A310 and crew.
For Operation Noble Eagle, German troops are part of the crews of NATO
AWACS that have patrolled U.S. airspace since October 2001.
The German contingent of the ISAF took over the tactical command of the
multinational brigade from March to June 2002, after which Turkey took over as lead

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nation of the ISAF. Germany currently has nearly 1,200 soldiers in the
approximately 4,700 strong ISAF. German medical personnel have treated more
than 3,000 military and civilian patients.
Germany has provided a wide range of reconstruction and humanitarian aid. In
2001, Germany provided $46.2 million in humanitarian aid and development-
oriented assistance to Afghanistan, as well as holding the chairmanship of the
Afghanistan Support Group, a coordination mechanism for humanitarian donors. At
the Tokyo Conference, Germany pledged $69.4 million in 2002 and a total of $278
million for reconstruction efforts over the next four years. Germany was one of the
first nations to contribute to the Afghanistan Interim Authority Fund, a trust fund
within the U.N. framework to support the work of the Interim Government, with a
contribution of $1.7 million.
Germany served as host of the U.N. Talks on Afghanistan, which produced the
Bonn Agreement, a blueprint for the political stabilization of Afghanistan over the
next three years.
Germany is taking the lead in international support for building an Afghan
police force. In addition to providing funds, buses, and trainers, Germany has also
worked with the United States to employ Afghan war widows to make uniforms for
the Kabul police force.
Germany has initiated investigative proceedings related to Islamic-
fundamentalist terrorism and the September 11th attacks. One notable arrest was that
of Moroccan student Mounir El Motassadeq, who had power of attorney over one of
the September 11th hijacker’s bank accounts. German authorities also issued an
international arrest warrant for Said Bahaji, the alleged logistical planner of the
September 11th attacks. Cooperation between German and U.S. authorities has
intensified since September 11th. The German Federal Criminal Police Office has
two permanent liaison officers in Washington and has sent two special commission
officers to the FBI.
In September and December 2001, two significant and sweeping anti-terrorism
laws were introduced. The German Federal Office for the Protection of the
Constitution, the Military Counter-intelligence Service, the Federal Intelligence
Service, the Federal Criminal Police Office and the Federal Border Police have been
granted more authority in the gathering and evaluation of information.
Germany froze more than 200 bank accounts as part of financial sanctions
against terrorist networks.
Ghana. On January 28, 2002 President John Agyekum Kufuor repeated
Ghana’s condemnation of the September 11th attacks in New York and Washington,
D.C. He also spoke out against all forms of terrorism wherever they may occur and
said that Ghana would contribute its quota to the international effort to rid the world
of this threat. In February 2002, President Kufuor announced a comprehensive anti-
terrorism plan, including anti-money-laundering legislation. In an effort to further
combat terrorism, Ghana ratified U.N. Res. 54/109.

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Greece. As a NATO member, Greece supported the invocation of Article V.
Greece allowed U.S. military planes to use its airspace. It did not receive requests
for further aid, but says it is willing to honor its NATO obligations. The United
States maintains a large naval base at Souda Bay on the island of Crete.
Currently, there are three Greek personnel at CENTCOM. One Air Force
officer will be assigned as an operations officer of the RAMCC, and one Navy
liaison officer will deploy to Bahrain. In March 2002, Greece sent a frigate with 210
crew, one S-70 BA Aegean Hawk helicopter, and a team of navy commandos to the
CENTCOM Area of Responsibility. These forces will carry out patrolling, escorting,
and inspecting duties for three months in the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, the Persian
Gulf, and the Indian Ocean. One Greek frigate and a counter-mine ship have been
conducting surveillance and mine sweeping operations in the East Mediterranean
Sea, and Greece has offered two more vessels and a number of Air Force sorties in
support of Operation Active Endeavor against international terrorism.
Greece has deployed an engineering company of 112 men and 64 engineering
vehicles to Kabul, as well as two C-130 transport aircraft with a support security
team of 56 personnel to Karachi, Pakistan for ISAF support operations. Greek staff
officers have been assigned to Permanent Joint Headquarters in Great Britain and to
ISAF Headquarters in Kabul.
Greece has been sharing intelligence with the United States. Recently, the
Greek government arrested members of the November 17 terrorist organization.
Grenada. Grenada fully supports and endorses U.N. Sec. Res. 1373. The
Government of Grenada has taken steps to implement measures to prevent and
suppress the financing of terrorists acts. See CARICOM also.
Guatemala. Guatemala offered 30 soldiers as part of a Central American
contingent for humanitarian work in Afghanistan. Guatemala signed the
“Declaration Against Terrorism” of the Regional Migration Conference, an
intergovernmental forum of North and Central American countries.
Guyana. See CARICOM.
Haiti. See CARICOM.
Honduras. Honduras signed the “Declaration Against Terrorism” of the
Regional Migration Conference, an intergovernmental forum of North and Central
American countries.
Hungary. As a NATO member, Hungary supported the invocation of Article
V. The Hungarian government granted the United States overflight and landing
clearances. Hungary has offered to support the military campaign in Afghanistan by
sending a health unit to the region. Hungary has provided approximately $364,000
in humanitarian aid to Afghanistan.

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U.S. forces have recently completed a cooperative training exercise (Hungarian
Response) with Hungarian and Italian forces in Kecskemet (Central Hungary) to
increase proficiency in combating terrorism.
Hungarian intelligence services have been cooperating with the United States
since September 11th. This cooperation is likely to expand even further as the United
States looks to increase funding of the Budapest-based International Law
Enforcement Academy. This academy, established in 1995, has trained more than
5,000 officials from 26 countries across the former Eastern bloc. In addition to this
academy, Hungary is also home to the first permanent FBI office outside of the
United States. According to Hungarian government officials, identifying dangers
and responses to them will become one of the most important tasks in the future
relationship between Hungary and the United States.
Hungary ratified U.N. Res. 52/164 in November 2001.
Iceland. As a NATO member, Iceland supported the invocation of Article V.
Foreign Minister Halldor Asgrimsson offered the airport at Keflavik for any U.S.
operations. Iceland ratified both U.N. Res. 52/164 and U.N. Res. 54/109 in April
2002.
India. Following September 11th, India condemned the attacks and offered the
U.S. early and enthusiastic assistance for U.S. military operations in Afghanistan.
India also offered logistic help, such as the use of Indian territory for U.S. troops or
equipment for military operations. However, India has not been used as an
operational base during the U.S. led war in Afghanistan. India has shared
intelligence on terrorist training camps used by Osama bin Laden’s supporters inside
Afghanistan, Pakistani-controlled Kashmir, and Pakistan itself. India also urged the
United States to move against Pakistani-backed terrorist groups attacking India.
Military-to-military cooperation on counter-terrorism will supplement the
initiatives of the U.S.-India Defense Policy Group. India and the United States have
planned joint military exchanges in 2002 and 2003 in the areas of peacekeeping,
counter-terrorism, special operational training, and naval activities. Naval activities
include the provision of a frigate for escorting coalition shipping through the Straits
of Malacca, shipyards available for coalition ship repairs, and open ports for naval
port calls.
In July 2002, the U.S.-India Joint Working Group on Counterterrorism met for
the fifth time to develop effective strategies to increase transparency on the
international and regional situation and to strengthen intelligence and investigative
cooperation.
In Tokyo at the International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to
Afghanistan, India pledged $100 million.
Indonesia. Indonesian President Megawati Sukarnoputri pledged to support
the U.S. war on terrorism. Because Indonesia is the world’s largest Muslim nation,
the Indonesian government cautiously avoids upsetting politically influential Islamic
groups, which largely view the war on terrorism as a war on Islam. In August 2002,

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Indonesia embarked upon a long-term counter-terrorism program funded by the
United States. About $50 million has been allocated to support anti-terrorism efforts
such as upgrading police capability, training the military, and providing technical
assistance for combating terrorist financing and improving Indonesia’s anti-money
laundering regime.
Police in Indonesia are quietly stepping up cooperation with countries in the
region. In September 2002, Indonesia’s military intelligence chief acknowledged
that an investigation has begun to determine if an international terrorist network
exists in Indonesia, marking a shift from previous denials. Indonesia has established
tripartite cooperation with Malaysia and the Philippines in addition to a bilateral
agreement with Australia in information and intelligence sharing to combat
terrorism.
On June 5, 2002, the Indonesian police arrested an alleged al Qaeda financier,
who operates under the name of Omar al-Farouq. In September 2002, information
provided by Omar al-Farouq led to the arrest of a German citizen Seyam Reda, who
is suspected of links to al Qaeda. Prior to Reda’s arrest the Indonesian authorities
had agreed to turn over suspects to the United States for questioning elsewhere, but
now the Government of Indonesia has decided to detain and interrogate Reda in
Indonesia.
Iran. In response to U.S. accusations directed toward Iran’s sponsorship of
terrorism, Iranian parliamentary officials have agreed to discuss possible overtures
toward improving relations with the United States. According to Iranian reports,
Iranian special forces worked with U.S. and British special forces to aid the Northern
Alliance. Iran also closed its border with Afghanistan and blocked the flow of
Afghan refugees to politically unstable regions of Afghanistan. Iran agreed to
provide search-and-air-rescue for any U.S. pilots downed in Iranian territory during
operations in Afghanistan in response to a request from the Bush Administration.
Iran has expressed support for U.S. efforts to freeze financial assets used by
terrorists, yet the level of Iran’s commitment to this endeavor remains unclear.
Iran, a staunch opponent of the Taliban, provided weapons to the opposition
Northern Alliance and remains active in support of the interim government in
Afghanistan. Iran recently signed five memoranda of understanding with the Afghan
government, outlining political, economic, and cultural cooperation. In Tokyo at the
International Conference on Reconstruction to Afghanistan, Iran pledged $560
million over the next five years. Iran offered support in improving Afghan
infrastructure, combating poppy-production, and training Afghan police, army and
journalists. The Iranian government has also begun construction of a road between
Herat and Eslam Qala in Afghanistan.
U.S. officials have maintained that Iran is assisting and sheltering al Qaeda
leaders and fighters. In June 2002, Iran turned over 16 suspected al Qaeda fighters
to Saudi Arabia. These fighters had sought refuge in Iran after fleeing Afghanistan.
According to Prince Saud of Saudi Arabia, Iran delivered the suspects with the
knowledge that any intelligence gathered from them during interrogation would be
passed to the United States to aid the war on terrorism. The Iranian government
declares that it will not allow any terrorist groups, including al Qaeda, on its

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territory, but the Bush Administration still maintains that Iran is harboring al Qaeda
leaders.
Ireland. Prime Minister Bertie Ahern offered to let the U.S. Air Force use Irish
airfields if needed. Seven Irish personnel are participating in ISAF.
Israel. Following September 11th, senior Israeli military and security officials
traveled to Washington to brief Pentagon officials on Israel’s experience, tactics, and
procedures for combating Islamic terrorist groups. Officials from El Al, Israel’s
national airline, testified before Congress on strategies for improving airline and
airport security. Israel has offered political support for the military strikes, but has
refrained from supplying direct military assistance.
Israel’s main contribution to the U.S. war on terrorism has been continued
intelligence cooperation, which was considered extensive even before September
11th. Referring to shared intelligence information, Prime Minister Sharon stated that
Israel was “assisting but not participating” in the war effort. In view of this, Israeli
consultants have advised American officials, security experts, and business leaders
about homeland security preparations, and Israeli special forces have reportedly
helped train their U.S. counterparts against Islamic terrorist groups.
Italy. As a NATO member, Italy supported the invocation of Article V.
Defense Minister Antonio Martino announced on November 7, 2001 that Italy would
contribute 2,700 troops to the U.S.-led military campaign. The Italian contingent
consists of naval, air, and ground components, including an armored regiment,
reconnaissance and transport planes, warships, and vehicles to check for biological
and chemical weapons. Italy provided its Carrier Battle Group to support combat
operations in the North Arabian Sea. They deployed more than 13 percent of their
entire naval force for use in Operation Enduring Freedom. Currently, the Italian
frigate “Euro” is stationed in the Gulf of Oman and worked with several other
coalition ships and aircraft, including the Canadian HMCS Algonquin, to capture
two alleged al Qaeda members on July 13, 2002. Up to 1,000 additional troops were
offered if needed. Of those troops pledged, 1,475 were sent to the Gulf aboard the
aircraft carrier Garibaldi. There are 13 Italian personnel at CENTCOM.
Italy is also contributing to the peacekeeping effort in Afghanistan. Currently,
more than 400 Italian troops are participating in ISAF. The majority of these are part
of a regimental task force deployed in January to provide ISAF area and site security
in Kabul. The Italian air force is scheduled to send one C-130 and one Boeing 707
to Manas airfield as part of the rotation of forces. In total, Italy is providing three
C130 aircraft, is leasing one Boeing 707, one AN-124, and one IL-76 in support of
ISAF. An engineering team has been deployed to Bagram for the repair of the
runway, which has been completed.
On April 18, 2001, an Italian aircraft and security force transported former King
Mohammed Zahir Shah and Afghan leader Hamid Karzai to Kabul.
To date, Italy has provided more than $33 million in humanitarian assistance
for Afghanistan. Italy is also engaged in rebuilding the Afghan judiciary.

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Italian police and intelligence personnel reportedly have been cooperating
closely with U.S. State Department and FBI officials. Italian authorities have
arrested 35 people with alleged links to al Qaeda. Among these, in November 2001,
police arrested five people from Northern Africa who were suspected of having ties
to bin Laden. In February 2002, nine Moroccans were arrested under suspicion of
plotting a bio-terrorist attack on the U.S. Embassy in Rome. In April 2001, Essid
Sami Ben Khemais, an al Qaeda leader and suspected associate of Atta, was arrested
in Milan and, in February 2002, convicted in an Italian court. In 2002, he was also
tried in absentia in Tunisia, convicted of assisting the terrorist network, and
sentenced to twenty years in prison. On July 13, 2002, Milan police arrested eight
men suspected of providing false identity papers for al Qaeda members, including
some of the September 11th hijackers.
Jamaica. Jamaica has signed U.N. Sec. Res. 1333 and U.N. Res. 54/109. See
CARICOM also.
Japan. With the passage of a new law in October 2001 that allows Japanese
Self Defense Forces (SDF) to operate in non-combat zones, Japan contributed 1,500
troops to the U.S.-led war against terrorism. The central role of the Japanese SDF
is to provide logistical support to the United States. Three destroyers and two oiler
supply ships with about 1,200 personnel were dispatched to the Indian Ocean where
they are providing at-sea refueling to U.S. and British naval vessels. Fuel is
provided at the Japanese government’s own expense. As of May 10, 2002,
approximately 124,000 tons of F-76 fuel were provided. By mid-May, this force had
conducted 75 at-sea replenishments of coalition ships. There is a plan to withdraw
one of the destroyers and one of the fleet oilers because the level of support provided
at the outset of Operation Enduring Freedom is no longer necessary. The remaining
ships will stay an additional six months, to mid-November 2002.
About half of Japan’s C-130 fleet and U-4 aircraft are providing airlift support
to Operation Enduring Freedom. Japan completed 35 airlift transportation missions
within Japan between November 29, 2001 and May 10, 2002 and 15 missions from
U.S. bases in Japan to areas toward Guam and other areas between December 3,
2001 and May 10, 2002.
Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi agreed with European Union leaders to
increase cooperation between the Japanese police and the European policy agency,
Europol, to strengthen the global fight against terrorism.
Japan has provided relief supplies for Afghan refugees, including 1,840 tents
and 18,000 blankets to the U.N. Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in Pakistan on three
occasions. In addition, on December 22, 2001, the Japanese government pledged $1
million to the U.N. Afghanistan Interim Authority Fund that was established within
the U.N. Development Program (UNDP). At the International Conference on
Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan, Japan pledged to provide $250 million in
2002 and $500 million over the next 2.5 years. As of March 2002, Japan has
contributed about $102 million to rebuilding efforts in Afghanistan.
In accordance with U.N. Sec. Res. 1267 and 1333, Japan took measures on
September 22, 2001 to freeze assets and restrict money flows to 165 groups and

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individuals affiliated with the Taliban. Japan has extended its measures to additional
groups and individuals on several occasions. As of January 28, 2002, a total of 281
groups and individuals were subject to the restrictions. On March 12, 2002, the
Japanese government approved a bill to implement U.N. Res. 54/109 and submitted
it to the Diet. On May 17, 2002, the Diet approved the bill, under which countries
are obliged to render illegal the financing for terrorist activities and to take actions
to confiscate terrorists’ funds.
Jordan. On September 12th, King Abdullah promised President Bush that
Jordan would join the United States “against the perpetrators of these terrorist
atrocities.” Jordan offered to commit troops to peacekeeping operations in
Afghanistan if necessary and has provided basing and over-flight permission for all
U.S. and coalition forces. In early October 2001, Jordan sent two representatives to
U.S. CENTCOM.
An “Aardvark” mine clearing unit and personnel were deployed to Kandahar,
and have cleared mines from more than 70,000 square meters in both Bagram and
Kandahar. Furthermore, it has been reported that Jordan intends to send a planning
officer to RAMCC. Finally, a Jordanian Hospital in Mazer-e-Sharif has treated over
68,000 patients since operations began.
Jordan has been an important intelligence partner to the United States for years
and has pledged to help the United States track down the al Qaeda terrorist network.
In June 2002, Jordanian authorities arrested 11 suspected terrorists believed to be
planning attacks on U.S. and Israeli embassies in Jordan.
Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan publicly supported the U.S. war effort against the
Taliban. President Nursultan Nazarbayev has allowed access to Kazakh airspace.
In July 2002, Kazakhstan signed an agreement with the United States to allow
coalition aircraft to use Kazakhstan’s airports in case of an emergency or short-term
need related to the ongoing war in Afghanistan. Kazakhstan has also offered to host
U.S. troops. Kazakh soldiers have also participated in a joint exercise with Russian
and Kyrgyz troops in Kyrgyzstan. Kazakstan’s defense minister announced that
three officers will be sent to CENTCOM for training purposes.
Kenya. Following the September 11th attacks, Kenya expressed its willingness
to assist the United States in its war against terrorism. In the past, Kenya has
allowed U.S. military ships to use the port at Mobassa. Kenya hosted U.S. forces
during the U.S. intervention in Somalia in 1993. Future U.S. operations against
Somalia and terrorist groups in the Horn of Africa will likely involve Kenyan
support. Kenya has continuously offered support to Operation Enduring Freedom,
including access, overflight, and basing. Kenya sent a liaison officer to CENTCOM
in June 2002.
Kenya has been sharing intelligence information generously with the United
States. The United States has requested that Kenya monitor the movements of
foreigners into and out of the region. In February, Kenyan forces conducted a joint-
exercise with U.S. Marines in the Indian Ocean just south of Somalia. Kenya briefly
detained, but later released, 11 foreigners suspected of being connected to al Qaeda.

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Kenyan authorities have agreed to exert stronger control on foreign exchange
bureaus linked to the Al-Barakat organization.
Kenya has signed 10 of 12 U.N. anti-terrorism conventions, including U.N. Res.
54/109.
Kuwait. The Government of Kuwait continues to express diplomatic support
for the U.S. war on terrorism. Kuwaiti Ambassador to the United States Ahmed al-
Fahd Al-Sabah stated, “the attacks against America on September 11th were attacks
on us all. Kuwait is firm in its support for U.S. efforts to rid the world [of
terrorism].”
Kuwait sent three CENTCOM representatives to support Operation Enduring
Freedom and granted overflight permission and the use of bases to U.S. and coalition
forces. The United States utilized Camp Doha, a U.S. Army base just outside of
Kuwait City, and the U.S. Air Force utilized the Kuwaiti bases of Ali Salem and
Ahmed Al Jaber.
Kuwait has also allowed U.S. law enforcement officials into the country to
inspect airport security. Kuwaiti law enforcement authorities recently arrested the
suspected head of the al Qaeda training wing. The government of Kuwait upholds
that Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, the individual alleged to have been a conspirator in
the September 11th attacks, is not a Kuwaiti citizen, despite U.S. reports to the
contrary.
Administration officials have praised Kuwait for actions taken to lock the
financial assets of terrorist and their supporters. Kuwait’s government has agreed
to fully cooperate with U.S. inter-agency teams attempting to track a money trail
from Kuwaiti companies, charities, and organizations to terrorist groups. Since
January 2002, members of the FBI, IRS, and Departments of State, Justice, and
Treasury, as well as anti-terror experts, have been investigating Kuwait’s financial
and governmental institutions to gain information on suspected channels of financial
activity. In recent months, the government of Kuwait has taken control of all
domestic charities, in an attempt to monitor assents that may be filtered to terrorist
groups.
Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyz President Askar Akayev supported the war on terrorism
by making Manas international airport, located near the Kyrgyz capital, Bishkek,
available to coalition forces. As of July 2002, there are 1,900 coalition troops at
Manas, about half of them American. The presence of the U.S. military in
Kyrgyzstan will expand as a U.S. base at Manas is built. Five country
representatives arrived at CENTCOM on May 14, 2002.
Kyrgyzstan also supports the use of its road and rail infrastructure for
humanitarian assistance into Afghanistan. Under the U.N. World Food Program
(WFP), Kyrgyzstan – along with Russia and Tajikistan – has delivered 16,500 tons
of flour and wheat to the northern provinces of Afghanistan.
Latvia. President Vike-Freiberga stated that Latvia was ready to provide the
United States any assistance necessary to find and punish the perpetrators of

CRS-32
terrorism. Latvia has approved the use of its airspace, airfields, and ports for the war
on terrorism, and has offered ten cargo handlers as part of a Danish contingency
deployed to Manas, Kyrgyzstan.
Latvia’s National Armed Forces have pledged to send 12 soldiers to Kyrgyzstan
for a three-month period to participate in the U.S.-led war on terrorism. The mission,
which was to begin in February, has been postponed as preparations are being made
to house the military contingent. Latvian soldiers will be joining the operation at the
invitation of Denmark. Although Latvian troops will not be involved in combat
activities, they will provide aviation base support and security.
Latvia has sent humanitarian assistance, including blankets, candles, and
buckets totaling $15,000, to Afghan refugees.
Latvia has adopted an anti-terrorism action plan. The Latvian government is
currently considering amendments to the country’s criminal law, which will hold
individuals responsible for both participating in and providing financial support to
terror operations.
Liberia. Liberian President Charles Taylor offered the coalition the use of his
nation’s airport facilities and airspace.
Libya. Distancing himself from terrorism, Libyan leader Moammar Gaddafi
condemned the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon and endorsed U.S.
retaliation. According to U.S. officials, Libya has cooperated with the United States
since September 11th by offering valuable intelligence information concerning al
Qaeda operations, especially in southern Europe. Libya has expressed support for
U.S. efforts to freeze financial assets of terrorists.
Lithuania. Following September 11th, Lithuania declared its support for the
war on terrorism. The Lithuanian government has allowed U.S. aircraft to use
Lithuanian airports until the anti-terrorist action is terminated.
A Lithuanian representative arrived at CENTCOM on July 10, 2002. The
Lithuanian Parliament decided to send 12 military medical personnel to participate
in Operation Enduring Freedom as part of a Czech field hospital. Authorization has
been given for 15 Lithuanian military personnel to participate in Operation Enduring
Freedom as part of a joint Danish-Lithuanian-Latvian-Estonian unit under Danish
command.
On January 23, 2002, the Lithuanian National Security and Defense Committee
approved a Lithuanian program for combating terrorism. The program outlines
concrete actions to be taken in the next two years including: joining international
efforts to fight terrorism, developing anti-terror legislation, protecting potential
terrorist targets, and investigating terrorist activities.
The Lithuanian government has allocated emergency humanitarian assistance
funding for Afghan refugees.

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Currently, Lithuanian officers and soldiers are serving in KFOR and SFOR
missions in the Balkans.
Luxembourg. As a NATO member, Luxembourg supported the invocation
of Article V. Luxembourg contributed to the Afghan National Army Trust Fund.
Luxembourg has banned terrorist groups named by the United States.
Luxembourg has also attempted to block the assets of all persons and organizations
identified by the United States as terrorists or supporters of terrorism.
Macedonia. In response to the attacks of September 11, 2001, the Parliament
of the Republic of Macedonia immediately condemned the terrorist acts and
conveyed its condolences. Macedonia has two officers taking part in the ISAF as
part of the Turkish contingent.
Malaysia. As a member of both APEC and ASEAN, Malaysia has supported
the U.S. war against terrorism. The government has approved all requests for
overflight clearance since September 11th and has provided access to Malaysian
intelligence. Malaysian authorities arrested 13 suspects with possible links to Osama
bin Laden in December 2001. Malaysia is also providing peacekeeping humanitarian
support and has sent a medical team to help Afghan refugees in Pakistan.
In support of U.N. Sec. Res.1373, Malaysia’s central bank has directed local
banks to trace and freeze the accounts of organizations found to be sponsoring or
connected with terrorism. Moreover, Malaysia hosted a special ASEAN Ministers
Meeting on Transnational Crime (AMMTC) in April 2002, where ASEAN ministers
discussed concrete measures they can take to comply with the U.N. resolutions.
Malaysia, along with Indonesia and the Philippines, signed the Trilateral
Agreement on Terrorism and Transnational Crimes, requiring cooperation in
intelligence and information exchange.
Malta. Malta has been a party to the U.N. Res. 54/109 and 52/164 since
November 2001.
Mexico. President Vicente Fox stated that Mexico was “ready to collaborate
with all those countries in a proposed alliance to fight this evil,” and indicated
willingness to cooperate on security matters during a visit to President Bush on
October 4, 2001. Officials from Mexico and the United States met in November
2001 and January 2002 to discuss migration and security cooperation between the
countries.
Mexico led the Organization of American States (OAS) in drafting an Inter-
American Convention Against Terrorism to enhance law enforcement cooperation.
Mexico also signed the “Declaration Against Terrorism” of the Regional Migration
Conference, an intergovernmental forum of North and Central American countries.
In an effort to combat terrorism, the Government of Mexico has been working
to complete the constitutional procedures to become party to the U.N. Res. 54/109.

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Moldova. The Moldovan Supreme Security Council decided to allow the
international anti-terrorist coalition to use Moldovan airspace and the Chisinau
airport for the fight against terrorism.
Monaco. Monaco had already ratified the U.N. Res. 52/164 before September
11, 2001. Monaco ratified U.N. Res. 54/109 in November 2001.
Morocco. King Mohammed VI condemns terrorism in all forms. Morocco
supports U.N. Sec. Res. 1386 and 1373 and U.N. Res. 54/109.
U.S. intelligence cooperation with counterparts in Morocco is increasing. King
Mohammed of Morocco met with CIA director George Tenet in February for talks
on security matters, including the war on terrorism. Soon after this meeting,
Moroccan intelligence agents helped question Moroccan prisoners at Guantanamo
Bay.
Moroccan authorities detained senior al Qaeda operative, Mohammed Haydar
Zammar, who was believed to have recruited one of the September 11th hijackers,
and turned him over to Syria. They also detained Abu Zubair, one of the three or four
most senior leaders of al Qaeda and an associate of top al Qaeda leader Abu
Zubaydah. In May and June of 2002, the Moroccan authorities arrested three Saudi
men and four Moroccan accomplices accused of plotting to attack U.S. and British
ships in the Strait of Gibraltar.
Mozambique. The government of Mozambique has initiated a comprehensive
review of international legal instruments to combat terrorism. Mozambique is also
a signatory to U.N. Res. 54/109.
Nepal. The Nepali government voiced support for U.S.-led military actions in
Afghanistan.
Netherlands. As a NATO member, the Netherlands supported the invocation
of Article V. It also offered to contribute 1,400 troops, as well as six fighter planes,
support planes, three frigates, two minesweepers, and a submarine to the military
effort in Afghanistan.
In total, there are 481 Dutch troops in operations related to the international
fight against terrorism. Currently, there are Dutch personnel at CENTCOM, at the
U.S. Naval Forces Central Command in Bahrain, and in Turkey. The Netherlands
has contributed 217 troops to the ISAF. Military personnel also accompanied various
aircraft and naval ships: 35 in the Carribean with a P-3C Orion, one on the USS John
F. Kennedy, 166 on the HNLMS Van Galen, 30 in Kyrgyzstan with a C-130, one in
Qatar with a KDC-10 tanker/transport aircraft, and 23 in the United Arab Emirates
with a P-3C Orion. Dutch F-16 fighters will soon be deployed to Kyrgyzstan. The
C-130 has carried out humanitarian assistance flights.
The Netherlands has promised almost $100 million for humanitarian aid and
reconstruction in addition to its yearly contribution of $8 million in humanitarian aid.
Netherlands Civil Military Operations (CMO), in cooperation with the Netherlands
Armed Forces and the Afghanistan Interim Authority, have rebuilt three schools in

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Kabul. The Netherlands CMO has built a playground at Lycee Botkhak elementary
school in Kabul. Additional plans to finance and rebuild additional schools and
water projects in Afghanistan.
The Netherlands has also installed an action plan to combat terrorism, including
the strengthening of legislation, increased cooperation between police and justice
departments in the Netherlands and the United States, and financial control
mechanisms.
New Zealand. In response to September 11th, New Zealand invoked Article
IV of the ANZUS Security Treaty, between New Zealand, Australia, and the United
States. Foreign Minister Phil Goff offered military support for use in any action
against those responsible for the attacks, including troops from the country’s special
forces.
New Zealand Special Air Service (SAS) troops have been working alongside
the forces of other nations in Afghanistan, to help stabilize the area. Prime Minister
Helen Clark acknowledged the presence of SAS forces on the ground in Afghanistan.
New Zealand’s Waihopai monitoring station is part of the five-nation ECHELON
intelligence-gateway network.
New Zealand was the first non-European country to join Afghanistan’s
international peacekeeping force; about 30 of its soldiers were deployed in and
around Kabul. New Zealand also provided a C-130 aircraft for humanitarian efforts
and logistics, as well as a seven-person air loading team to support the ISAF. In May
2002, New Zealand announced that it will continue contributing personnel to ISAF
to the end of the year. As of August 2002, six New Zealand personnel are staff
officers in the ISAF.
Intelligence support has been offered as well. Three hundred members of New
Zealand’s counter-terrorism police are cooperating with Italian and U.S. officials to
investigate potential links between cyanide threats to U.S. Embassies in New
Zealand and Rome. New Zealand has also moved to restrict terrorist financing and
developed stricter domestic anti-terrorism legislation.
In humanitarian efforts, New Zealand is contributing about $190,000 to projects
identified in the U.N. Immediate and Transitional Assistance Program and about
$120,000 for New Zealand NGO activities in Afghanistan. New Zealand has already
contributed about $480,000 to the U.N. Consolidated Appeal for Afghanistan.
Nicaragua. Under the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, the
Nicaraguan government pledged to lend any necessary help to the fight against
terrorism. Nicaragua signed the “Declaration Against Terrorism” of the Regional
Migration Conference, an intergovernmental forum of North and Central American
countries. Nicaragua supports U.N. Sec. Res. 1267 and 1386.
Nigeria. President Olusegun Obasanjo pledged his country’s support for the
international coalition against terrorism, stating that “we have no doubt in our own
mind that terrorism must be fought and it must be fought to a standstill.” Nigeria has
drafted legislation against terrorism and its financing.

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Norway. As a NATO member, Norway supported the invocation of Article V.
Norway has deployed 162 personnel to support operations in Afghanistan.
Currently, there are six Norwegian personnel at CENTCOM. Norwegian special
forces have been providing reconnaissance and military assistance and have been
involved in offensive operations in Operation Enduring Freedom. Norway has
provided 15 hardened vehicles that are currently supporting Special Operation Forces
missions and provided leadership transport. One C-130 transport aircraft was
deployed to Manas, Kyrgyzstan, where Norway coordinates a joint unit with the
Netherlands and Denmark to provide tactical airlift and humanitarian assistance.
Four F-16 fighters are scheduled to be deployed to Manas in October 2002.
Norway is now contributing about 20 personnel to ISAF. Norwegian
participation includes the deployment of mine clearing experts. An engineering unit,
consisting of 16 mine clearing experts, was deployed to Bagram, Afghanistan. An
area of 750,000 square meters at the Kandahar and Bagram airfields and their
surroundings was cleared of mines by Norwegian personnel.
Norway has also donated supplies and equipment for a 700-man light infantry
battalion in an effort to rebuild the Afghan army.
At the Tokyo International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to
Afghanistan, Norway pledged $40 million to support the Afghanistan reconstruction
effort. On January 1, 2002, Norway became the chair of the donor organization
Afghanistan Support Group.
While Norway had already ratified U.N. Res. 52/164 September 11th, 2001,
Norway ratified U.N. Res. 54/109 in July 2002.
Oman. Oman continues to assist the United States and Operation Enduring
Freedom with military support. The Sultan of Oman reiterated permission for the
United States to use the facilities it has had access to since 1980, including airfields
at Seeb, Thumrait, and Masirah Island. Oman houses significant caches of
prepositioned U.S. equipment and supplies and has provided in-flight refueling for
American combat planes. Oman, which has significant military ties to the U.K.,
recently allowed British allied troops to conduct a large military exercise to test the
British ability to move heavy equipment in a desert environment.
The government of Oman reportedly plans to follow in the footsteps of other
Gulf states in passing anti-money-laundering legislation to curb terrorist financing,
but no specific details are yet available.
Pakistan. Pakistan has played a critical role in anti-terror operations led by
the United States. The Pakistani government froze the assets of two Islamic militant
groups after the Bush administration declared them terrorist organizations.
Since the semi-autonomous tribal region serves as an obstacle to more effective
U.S. anti-terror operations in South Asia, the government of Pakistan has
strengthened its border with Afghanistan to prevent Taliban and al Qaeda fighters
from escaping to Pakistan. In late December 2001, the Pakistani government

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negotiated with the tribal leaders, with the promise of aid, to allow the positioning
of about 30,000 Pakistani troops to guard the mountainous border with Afghanistan.
Pakistan has provided broad-based support for CIA and FBI searches for al
Qaeda members. Suspects found include Abu Zubaida, alleged to be a top
lieutenant of Osama bin Laden, and Sharib Ahmad, organizer of the June 2002 car
bomb attack on the U.S. consulate in Karachi. On March 28, 2002, Zubeida was
captured in Pakistan. Ramzi Binalshibh, friend and roommate of Atta, and alleged
September 11th plotter, was arrested in early September 2002 in a joint Pakistani-U.S.
intelligence operation.
Following the murder of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl in February,
the United States formally requested that Pakistan extradite the prime suspect. No
extradition treaty exists between Pakistan and the United States. The suspect was
convicted and sentenced to death.
Pakistan’s President traveled to Washington D.C. in mid-February. Around the
same time, President Bush requested the reallocation of $220 million in emergency
Defense Department funds to Pakistan.
In Tokyo at the International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to
Afghanistan, Pakistan pledged to donate $100 million over five years to Afghanistan
for its reconstruction, and the private joint-venture Premier-Shell Pakistan has
committed $200 million in aid for the rehabilitation of Afghan refugees.
In May 2002, the US-Pakistan Joint Working Group on Counter-terrorism and
Law Enforcement met to discuss a broad range of bilateral law enforcement issues
relating to the war on terrorism.
Palestinian Authority. Balsam Abu Sharif, aide to Yasser Arafat, said
Arafat offered to cooperate with the U.S. war on terrorism, but added, “the struggle
against terrorists must tie in with the opening of a negotiating table in order to
achieve overall peace in the region.” More recently, Chairman Arafat has denounced
the shift in American focus from the Arab-Israeli peace process to the U.S. war on
terror and condemned the use of the war on terror to justify state aggression.
Panama. Panama signed the “Declaration Against Terrorism” of the Regional
Migration Conference, an intergovernmental forum of North and Central American
countries.
Paraguay. Paraguay has been active in the fight against terrorism, arresting
over 20 individuals suspected of funding Hamas and Hizballah.
People’s Republic of China (PRC). Chinese President Jiang Zemin
offered moral support for the U.S. efforts to battle terrorism. Chinese officials are
cooperating with the United States on intelligence matters and have pledged to cut
off financial flows to terrorists. In October 2001, at the APEC Summit in Shanghai,
U.S. and PRC representatives set up an interagency counter-terrorism consultation
group. At the meeting on May 29-21, 2002, U.S. and PRC officials exchanged views
on how to prevent and combat terrorist financing. The meetings sought to strengthen

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cooperation in the areas of terrorist financing, law enforcement and counter-
terrorism. President Bush visited China in late February 2002, and the two countries
strengthened their will to cooperate in the fight against terrorism. During Bush’s
visit, the Chinese government approved the opening of an FBI office in Beijing for
the prevention of terrorism, drug trafficking, and organized crimes.
At the same time, U.S. officials have warned Chinese officials that the anti-
terror campaign should not be used to suppress legitimate political dissent among
China’s own Muslim populations.
In Macau, financial authorities have directed banks to search for terrorist
accounts and new legislation has been passed to implement recent U.N. Security
Council anti-terrorism resolutions.
China signed U.N. Res. 54/109 in November 2001. China also announced that
it will provide $150 million worth of assistance to Afghanistan for its reconstruction.
Peru. In compliance with the Inter-America Treaty on Reciprocal Assistance,
Peru has passed legislation against money-laundering and against terrorism. Since
September 2001, the Peruvian police have arrested over 200 suspected terrorists and
continue to pursue individuals accused of committing terrorist acts, both
domestically and internationally. Peru ratified U.N. Res. 54/109 in November 2001.
Philippines. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo committed her country’s full
support to the United States. She offered intelligence sharing, unconditional
overflight permission, use of military facilities, logistical support, food, medicine,
and medical personnel.
The Philippines has become another major focus of the war on terrorism. The
Filipino government has been combating Abu Sayyaf, a group known to have
connections to Osama bin Laden. On June 21, 2002, the Philippine military captured
members of Abu Sayyaf and killed its leader, Abu Sabaya, largely neutralizing the
organization. President George W. Bush commended the Philippines for its vigilant
efforts against terrorism.
The United States has pledged to provide $100 million in security assistance to
the Philippines and has dispatched 660 U.S. troops, including 160 special forces to
troops, to help the Arroyo administration in its campaign against the Abu Sayyaf.
President Arroyo has made proposals calling for cooperation in intelligence,
information exchange, and communication. In May 2002, the Philippines signed a
Trilateral Agreement on Terrorism and Transnational Crimes with Indonesia and
Malaysia to root out terrorism in Southeast Asia.
Poland. As a NATO member, Poland supported the invocation of Article V.
Poland has prepared a contingent of 275 troops, including military engineers
and chemical and biological weapons specialists, to participate in the U.S.-led war
on terrorism. The Polish units are expected to provide a supporting role, but they
will also include members of the country’s elite GROM special operations unit. To

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date, 51 out of the planned 87 combat engineers, logistics personnel and commandos
from the GROM unit have been deployed to the conflict region. They will be joined
by six doctors. In addition to troops, Poland has also promised to provide a warship
for logistics purposes. Currently there are five Polish personnel at CENTCOM.
Polish de-mining crews have cleared over 4,000 meters of land from minefields.
Portugal. As a NATO member, Portugal supported the invocation of Article
V and pledged full support to the United States, including military help. Portuguese
representatives arrived at CENTCOM in December 2001.
Portugal participates in the ISAF’s peacekeeping efforts in Afghanistan. A
Portuguese Medical Team, with two doctors, three nurses, and three technicians was
in Kabul from March to April 2002. From April to the end of June 2002, Portugal
deployed a C-130 with crew and a maintenance team, totaling 15 personnel. They
accomplished 150 hours of flight missions. For logistic coordination during the C-
130 deployment, a Portuguese liaison officer was appointed to the CENTCOM.
Currently, eight Portuguese personnel are deployed to the ISAF.
Portugal had ratified U.N. Res. 52/164 as of November 2001.
Qatar. Qatar has granted the United States the use of the large air base at Al-
Udeid. The United States has been financing upgrades to the base, while the Qatari
government has also pledged $400 million to upgrade the base in exchange for U.S.
military protection. Qatar hosts one of the largest military caches in the region and
roughly 3,000 U.S. troops are currently stationed in the country. In addition, the
Qatari government has built a 27-building complex to store American military
vehicles and personnel in case of a war against Iraq. Qatar has sent three
representatives to CENTCOM and executes regular Combat Air Patrol protection in
Qatar for coalition forces.
Qatar has given both military and humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan,
including aid to the National Army and a promise to build two hospitals.
On the financial front, Qatar has cooperated in freezing bank accounts
belonging to terrorists. In January 2002, the Governor of the Central Bank of Qatar,
Abdullah Bin Khaled al-Ateyah, issued an order aimed at suppressing money-
laundering and curtailing financial assistance to terrorists.
From January 29-31, 2002, the interior minister of Qatar joined counterparts
from Bahrain, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Tunisia in Beirut to
discuss Arab efforts to combat terrorism.
Republic of Congo. President Denis Sassou-Nguesso offered to assist in the
capture of those responsible for the terrorist attacks of September 11th.
Republic of China (Taiwan). The Taiwanese government reaffirmed its
“unwavering and firm” support for the U.S. war on terrorism. The government of
Taiwan donated relief goods worth more than $16 million to refugees in Afghanistan.

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Romania. The Romanian Parliament endorsed the government’s decision to
provide air, land, and maritime facilities to support U.S. actions. Romania has
established a National Coordination Center to facilitate the movement of land, air,
and naval forces of NATO countries. Romania has agreed to confer legal status on
U.S. military personnel to be stationed in Romania and to allow U.S. military
overflights, including those carrying troops and dangerous materials.
Romania has recently deployed more than 500 soldiers to Afghanistan and
transported them with their own C-130 aircraft. Of this group, there is an infantry
battalion of 405, a Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (NBC) company of 70, and 10 staff
officers. Three liaison officers arrived at CENTCOM in December, one of whom is
working in the Coalition Intelligence Center. Romania is contributing 55 troops,
including police and intelligence officers, to the ISAF. Romania plans to contribute
both mine clearing equipment and engineers to the U.S.-led operation in
Afghanistan.
In support of the Afghan National Army, Romania has contributed a large
quantity of training equipment: 1,000 AK-47 assault rifles, 300,000 rounds of
ammunition, magazines and cleaning sets.
Russia. On September 11, 2001, President Putin was the first world leader to
call President Bush with condolences after the attacks. Within two weeks, the United
States and Russia had reached an agreement to increase intelligence-sharing about
Afghanistan and al Qaeda and to allow U.S. troops to be based in Uzbekistan and
Tajikistan. Russia also authorized overflight clearance for necessary flights.
Russian special forces have participated in Operation Enduring Freedom.
Former Soviet special forces have also passed on strategically significant advice
based on their combat experiences in Afghanistan. In addition, Russia has supplied
maps of cave complexes in Afghanistan. Russia has liaison officers assigned to
CENTCOM, has provided experts to help with specialized tasks such as mine-
clearing, and supplied weapons, including some $45 million in Soviet-made guns,
artillery, and tanks, to Northern Alliance fighters. In April 2002, Russia presented
the Afghan government with 42 special vehicles, including 37 tracked vehicles, two
fuel vehicles, and two four-wheel drive vehicles.
Russia has conducted staff military exercises involving 500 troops of the CIS
Rapid Reaction Force in Bishkek in June 2002. The joint exercises included troops
from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan and are designed to improve
cooperation among the various countries’ military and interior-ministry forces in
combating an invasion by “bandit formations,” presumably meaning fighters from
the banned Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan who are believed to be near the Tajik
border in Afghanistan.
Russia has cleaned out and reconstructed the Salang Tunnel, a tunnel
connecting the northern and southern provinces of Afghanistan. In January 2002, the
tunnel opened for regular traffic, allowing transportation of thousands of tons of
food, medicine, and supplies. In January 2002, a joint Russian-German project
completed the construction of a pontoon passage across Pianj River, which opened

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a continuous route from Tajikistan to the central region of Afghanistan for delivery
of international humanitarian assistance.
The Russian government opened three Russian air corridors for humanitarian
assistance to the war zone. Russia has already transported more than 420,000 tons
of food and 2,100 tons of medicine to Afghanistan. In November, Russia established
the first coalition hospital in Kabul. In January 2002, the hospital was turned over to
local authorities.
In March 2002, EMERCOM (Russia’s Emergency Response Organization)
deployed its mobile hospital to Nakhreen and began medical assistance to the victims
of the earthquake in Afghanistan. The rescue and assistance team has supplied over
100 metric tons of humanitarian assistance supplies to the Nakhreen area, including
provisions, medicines and water cleansing equipment. Russian rescue teams have
conducted searches throughout the area.
The United States and Russia have jointly proposed the creation of a database
where participating states can post requests for assistance or where OSCE
institutions can post funding requests for counter-terrorist related programs so that
other donors can make offers of assistance.
Following Russia’s signing of U.N. Res. 54/109, President Putin signed a decree
to prevent and block the financing of terrorist organizations.
Saint Kitts and Nevis. See CARICOM
Saint Lucia. See CARICOM
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. In accordance with U.N. Res. 1333,
Saint Vincent has tightened security and implemented measures against criminals
and terrorists. See CARICOM also.
Saudi Arabia. The Saudi government and the United States have agreed not
to publicly detail Saudi cooperation. Saudi Arabia, home to the bin Laden family,
reportedly provided the United States with intelligence information and has allowed
overflights, refueling operations, and logistical support for U.S. operations. Reports
also indicate that Saudi Arabia allows the use of Prince Sultan Air Base for
coordination of air operation over Afghanistan.
In Tokyo at the International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to
Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia pledged $220 million in humanitarian assistance to
Afghanistan over the next three years.
Recent reports suggest that the Saudis have moved to restrict the funding of
identified terrorist groups. The Saudi regime has frozen terrorist assets in the
country and plans to investigate fund raising and money laundering as a connection
to terrorist activity. In the first such joint U.S.-Saudi designation, Saudi Arabia, in
early March, shut down branches of the Riyadh-based charity, Al-Hartman Islamic
Foundation, in Somalia and Albania. In addition, the Saudi government recently
arrested Abdul Ariz, a key al-Qaeda financial official.

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Senegal. The Central Bank of Senegal and regional banks based in Dakar
have modified rules to fight terrorism financing. Senegal plans to ratify all U.N.
conventions against terrorism. Senegal has created a regional counter-terrorism
intelligence center with U.S. assistance.
Singapore. Singapore has been a firm supporter of the U.S. war to root out
the al Qaeda network in Southeast Asia. In December 2001, Singapore’s Internal
Security Department arrested 15 suspects, some of whom trained at an al Qaeda
camp in Afghanistan, for alleged involvement in plans to bomb several American
sites in Singapore. In September 2002, officials in Singapore arrested an additional
21 Islamic militants thereby disrupting a network tied to al Qaeda that had planned
to bomb Western embassies.
Other measures Singapore has taken to combat terrorism include outlawing
Osama bin Laden and militant Muslim groups in Singapore and introducing
legislation to prevent money laundering.
Slovakia. After September 11th, the Slovak government offered basing rights
and permission for U.S. and NATO planes to use its air space en route to the conflict
zone, supported NATO’s invocation of Article V, and supported EU and regional
initiatives to counter terrorism. Slovakia has also dispatched a liaison officer to
CENTCOM in March 2002. In August, Slovakia deployed the first members of a 40-
strong peacekeeper unit to ISAF. The peacekeepers will repair the airport in Bagram.
Slovakia has also offered a special forces regiment, NBC reconnaissance units, and
a mobile field hospital.
Slovakia is also supporting the peacekeeping troops in the Balkans through a
joint battalion of Czech and Slovak troops.
While Slovakia had already ratified the U.N. Res. 52/164 before September 11th,
the government ratified U.N. Res. 54/109 the following year.
Somalia. Due to its remote location, seaport access, and ineffective
government, Somalia is regarded as a possible alternative haven for bin Laden and
his al Qaeda network. U.S. forces, including Green Beret commandos, are currently
training for missions in Somalia. The U.S. military continues to receive briefings on
the warlords who control the nation and which of them may harbor al Qaeda
members. The only known U.S. military insertion into Somalia since September 11th
was in early December when U.S. officials met with warlords in Baidoa, Somalia.
South Africa. Although it has agreed to provide intelligence support for the
war on terrorism, the South African government would only offer military support
to the United States if called on by the UN. South Africa is a member of the
Commonwealth Committee on Terrorism, which was established on October 25,
2001. South Africa supports the counter-terrorism efforts of the OAU, including the
“Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism.”
South Korea. During President Bush’s visit to South Korea in February, the
two countries reaffirmed the close U.S.-South Korean alliance and the agreement to
cooperate in the war against terrorism. South Korea dispatched approximately 450

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military personnel to support the U.S. military campaign in Afghanistan and sent five
personnel to CENTCOM. South Korea deployed a naval vessel to transport over
1,000 tons of construction material from Singapore to Diego Garcia to support
Operation Enduring Freedom. South Korean C-130s have flown 18 flights between
Seoul and Diego Garcia to transport over 45 tons of humanitarian relief supplies
valued at $12 million. A Level II hospital, consisting of 90 personnel, was deployed
to Manas.
South Korea pledged $45 million in aid to Afghanistan over a 30-month period.
This will be used to help rebuild Afghanistan’s medical, education, and economic
infrastructure. In March 2002, Kim Sang-tae, director of the Korea International
Cooperation Agency (KOICA), was dispatched to Kabul to serve as a resident
official. He will serve as liaison for the South Korea’s reconstruction projects in
Afghanistan and will open a Korean mission in Kabul.
South Korea has signed U.N. Res. 54/109 and will adjust laws concerning the
real-name financial transaction system. This will allow information to be released
to governments in order to identify the funds of offshore criminal organizations.
Spain. As a NATO member, Spain supported the invocation of Article V.
Defense Minister Federico Trill offered the United States the use of Spanish military
bases for any military operation. Under existing agreements, the United States can
already use the Moron air base and the Rota naval base.
Currently, there are nine Spanish personnel at CENTCOM. Two Navy officers
are serving as national liaison officers with the Coalition Forces Maritime
Component Command (CFMCC) in Bahrain. One Air Force officer is serving as a
national representative at Manas, Kyrgyzstan, and one Army officer is serving as the
national representative at ISAF. Spanish staff officers have been assigned to
Permanent Joint Headquarters (PJHQ) in Great Britain and United States European
Command (USEUCOM) in Germany.
Spain has deployed one P-3B to Djibouti, two C-130s to Manas, and one supply
ship deployed to the CENTCOM region. Spanish maritime patrol aircraft began
conducting reconnaissance operations from French bases in Djibouti, and Spain has
deployed SAR helicopters to Manas in April. Spain is scheduled to send another C-
130 to Manas and two frigates to the CENTCOM region.
Spain has also offered forces for peacekeeping purposes. Currently, Spain is
contributing 349 personnel to ISAF in the areas of engineering, explosive ordnance
disposal, logistics, helicopter support, and air transport support. In the Spanish
hospital in Bagram more than 7,644 patients have been treated.
Spain has actively detained more than 14 people suspected of connections to
Islamic groups linked to bin Laden. Eight of these people have been charged with
ties to September 11th. In November 2001, Spanish police arrested Yusuf Galan and
Imad Eddin Barakat Yarkas, alleged members of a terrorist cell in Madrid. Both
Galan and Yarkas are believed to have helped plan and fund the September 11th
attacks. Spanish authorities also arrested Mohamed Bensakhria, aide to bin Laden
who may have met with Atta. Although Spain is contributing police intelligence to

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the war on terrorism, Spanish authorities are reluctant to extradite al Qaeda terrorist
suspects to the United States to face military tribunals.
While Spain had already ratified the U.N. Res.52/164 before September 11th,
Spain ratified the U.N. Res. 54/109 in April 2002.
Sudan. Although Bin Laden was based in Sudan from 1991 to 1996, Secretary
of State Colin Powell has stated that Sudan “has been very cooperative” in sharing
intelligence with the United States since the September 11th attacks. Sudanese
officials are helping the FBI and the CIA in their counter-terrorism operations,
although Sudan will not confirm claims by U.S. officials that it has made arrests.
In addition to providing information on bin Laden’s operations, Sudan has also
offered information on money flows. A high-ranking U.S. official reported that
“information sharing by African intelligence services has never been so extensive.”
Suriname. See CARICOM.
Sweden. As a neutral country, Sweden is prohibited from taking part in any
military action, but is willing to share intelligence with the United States and its
allies. Two country representatives have been dispatched to CENTCOM.
Sweden has also contributed to the ISAF. Sweden has deployed an intelligence
unit of 45 people to the UK Headquarters of ISAF. Sweden has also supplied two C-
130 transport aircraft to ISAF. The Swedish Rescue Services Agency provided 20
professionals to assist in logistical support for humanitarian aid distribution.
Currently, thirty one Swedish soldiers are participating in the ISAF.
Sweden is hosting and chairing the Stockholm Process, aimed at making the
U.N. Security Council’s sanctions more effective. Sweden is an active participant in
the multilateral Financial Action Task Force and has supported recent proposals to
strengthen the instruments to combat terrorism financing. Sweden has frozen funds
and assets belonging to entities and individuals named on lists pursuant to U.N.
resolutions.
Sweden has pledged $100 million in humanitarian aid and reconstruction
assistance for the period 2002-2004. At the International Conference on
Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan, Sweden pledged over $13 million. This
fall Swedish engineers and a locally recruited workforce will begin construction of
three bridges along the road between Jalalabad and Kabul.
Sweden had ratified U.N. Res. 52/164 immediately before September 11th and
later ratified U.N. Res. 54/109 in June 2002.
Switzerland. In Tokyo at the International Conference on Reconstruction
Assistance to Afghanistan, Switzerland pledged $18 million over two years.
Syria. Syria has assisted coalition efforts in the war on terrorism by providing
the CIA with intelligence on Islamic radicals with possible al Qaeda connections,
possibly in exchange for allowing continued imports of Iraqi oil, which is prohibited

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by U.N. sanctions. In November 2001, Syria extradited bin Laden aide and associate
Rifai Ahmed Taha to Egypt.
More recently, Syria has arrested and questioned Mohammed Haydar Zammar,
identified as a key figure in a Hamburg, Germany terrorist cell. Zammar admitted
to recruiting September 11th hijacker Mohammed Atta.
No information is available on any military or logistical support Syria may be
offering to coalition forces. In defiance of a U.N. embargo, Syria has been
reportedly importing 200,000 barrels of Iraqi crude oil a day.
Taiwan. See Republic of China.
Tajikistan. Tajikistan is allowing the coalition to use three air bases in that
country. Since October 2001, the United States has established an open-ended
military presence in Tajikistan. A small number of French and Italian troops have
also been in Tajikistan, using bases there as a transit point to and from Afghanistan.
Tajikistan acceded to U.N. Res. 52/164 in July 2002.
Tanzania. Tanzania signed U.N. Sec. Res. 1373. The government of
Tanzania recognizes the need for information exchange, increased intelligence, and
effective law enforcement. However, Tanzania is endowed with natural resources,
including the precious gem tanzanite, which allegedly funds some terrorist activities
and may be linked to al Qaeda.
Thailand. Thailand has stated unequivocal solidarity and readiness to
cooperate with the international community. The Thai government granted blanket
permission for overflights and opened up its military facilities to U.S. planes for
refueling and necessary logistical support. Thai law enforcement pledged all
possible cooperation with U.S. counterparts and stepped up security protection of
U.S. citizens and interests in Thailand.
Thailand has offered to deploy a military engineering battalion task force of
1,000 for infrastructure construction and de-mining efforts, as well as teams of
military medical officers, to join a multi-national peacekeeping force in Afghanistan.
Morever, Thailand has offered to provide expertise in prosthetic limbs, assistance to
train people with disabilities, and training in sustainable development.
The Thai government pledged to exchange intelligence information in order to
block financial flows to terrorists. The Thai government’s cooperation includes
identifying terrorist assets, reinforcing money-laundering legislation, and passing
new anti-terrorism measures. Thailand is in the process of amending the Anti-
Money Laundering Act of 1999 to cover crimes related to the financing of terrorism.
It is also involved in operation and coordination efforts of the multilateral
cooperation on anti-money laundering, called the EGMONT GROUP, and is a
member of the Asia-Pacific Group on Money Laundering. Thailand has expressed
interest in joining the intelligence-sharing network recently established between
Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Thailand has ratified five international
conventions on anti-terrorism.

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In November 2001, Thailand donated 3,000 metric tons of rice through the
U.N. World Food Program and the Thai Red Cross Society donated 10,000 blankets
to Afghanistan.
Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago have already acceded to eleven
of the international conventions against terrorism. See CARICOM also.
Tunisia. U.S. intelligence has increased cooperation with its counterparts in
Tunisia. In January 2002, a Tunisian military court convicted 34 Islamic militants
for belonging to a group linked to al Qaeda. Almost all of these were tried in
absentia, including Essid Sami Ben Khemais (who may have known the hijacker
Atta), who was arrested in Italy in April for an alleged plot to launch a poison
chemical attack in Europe.
In November 2001, Tunisia signed U.N. Res. 54/109.
Turkey. As a NATO member, Turkey supported the invocation of Article V.
It offered the use of eight air bases, including the large base at Incirlik (which has
been used primarily for humanitarian drops into Afghanistan), and permission to use
Turkish airspace. The Turkish parliament also increased its support for the anti-
Taliban Northern Alliance, including authorizing the deployment of Turkish special
forces and equipment to train anti-Taliban fighters. Turkey was the only partner that
allowed the United States to transport Guantanamo detainees through Turkish bases.
Turkey provided KC-135 aerial refueling for U.S. aircraft in transit to the
CENTCOM region. One Turkish officer will take a position as a planning officer at
the RAMCC of CENTCOM. There are currently three personnel at CENTCOM
headed by a brigadier general. Turkey is providing one officer to Permanent Joint
Headquarters (PJHQ), three officers and one non-commissioned officer to ISAF
headquarters and two officers to Kabul Multinational Brigade (KMNB) headquarters.
In November 2001, Turkey announced that it was sending 90 special forces troops
to Afghanistan to help train Northern Alliance forces.
Turkey has five ships participating in NATO counter-terrorism operations in the
Mediterranean Sea. Turkish personnel are directly involved in the training and
equipping of first battalion of the Afghanistan National Guard. Additionally, Air
Force Command personnel conducted site surveys for possible airfields in Tajikistan,
Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan to be used in humanitarian assistance, Close Air
Support, and airborne operations flights.
Turkey is also taking an active role in the peacekeeping efforts in Afghanistan.
In February 2002, it deployed 267 troops, an ambulance, a minibus, a mortar gun,
and other armored vehicles to the ISAF. In June 2002, Turkey took command of the
ISAF and deployed approximately 1,400 troops to Afghanistan, making it the largest
contingent in the ISAF.
Turkey has provided other forms of support. Turkey froze the assets of over
100 people and companies linked to bin Laden, al Qaeda, and associated groups in
Egypt, Libya, Uzbekistan, and Somalia. Turkey increased security along its borders,

CRS-47
enabling border guards to arrest al Qaeda operatives attempting to attack Israel via
Iran and Turkish al Qaeda operatives attempting to return to Afghanistan.
In Tokyo at the International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to
Afghanistan, Turkey pledged $5 million over five years.
Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan’s President Saparmurad Niyazov offered his
support to the United States, but he did not make the country’s bases available for
military operations. He did agree to grant overflight permission for planes carrying
humanitarian aid and to allow refueling support to U.S. personnel conducting
humanitarian assistance. Turkmenistan allowed U.N. agencies to set up cross-border
operations to move emergency aid from the eastern city of Turkmenabad to
Andkhvoy in northern Afghanistan.
Uganda. Ugandan laws make it an offense for anyone who engages in or
carries out acts of terrorism, and for anyone who aides, finances, harbors, or renders
support in the commission, preparation, or instigation of acts of terrorism. The
Uganda Parliament is currently working to implement U.N. resolutions to combat
terrorism.
Ukraine. Ukraine has granted the United States overflight permission and has
offered access to three air bases to U.S. forces. NATO ministers have commended
Ukraine’s logistical air support in Afghanistan, in addition to its contribution to
Balkan peacekeeping efforts in a Ukrainian-Polish battalion. The United States and
Ukraine are closely cooperating in the anti-terror campaign to combat money-
laundering and security issues, according to Ukrainian Prime Minister Anatoliy
Kinakh.
Ukraine acceded to the U.N. Res. 52/164 in March 2002.
United Arab Emirates (UAE). The United Arab Emirates once was one of
only three countries to recognize Afghanistan’s Taliban government. Following the
September 11th attacks, the UAE cut off ties with the Taliban. President Sheik Zayad
bin Sultan al-Nahyan told President Bush that the UAE was ready to join a campaign
against terrorism. The UAE has provided basing and overflight permission for all
U.S. and coalition forces. There are currently three UAE personnel at CENTCOM.
UAE C-130 aircraft have supported humanitarian assistance operations by airlifting
supplies into Central Asia; the UAE has carried out three such missions since the
operation’s beginning.
In July and October of 2001, Djemal Beghal and Kamel Daoudi were arrested
in the U.A.E., respectively. The former, who took orders from bin Laden, was
arrested in Dubai for possessing forged travel documents. The latter, was believed
to have played a logistical role in the September 11th attacks and was extradited to
Paris.
In Tokyo at the International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to
Afghanistan, UAE pledged $36 million.

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In January 2002, the UAE central bank introduced an anti-money-laundering
law aimed at preventing the transfer or deposit of money with the intent to conceal
its origin.
United Kingdom. As a NATO member, the United Kingdom supported the
invocation of Article V. After the September 11th attacks, Prime Minister Tony
Blair pledged Britain’s full military support to the United States and committed
substantial military forces to the American-led alliance against terrorism.
Britain had over 23,000 troops equipped with heavy tanks, self-propelled guns
and missile launchers, stationed in and around the Persian Gulf state of Oman for
long-planned military exercises with the Omani army. The Royal Navy sent about
three dozen warships, including its largest aircraft carrier with a squadron of Harrier
jets and an assault ship with marines and army commandos aboard, to the Arabian
Sea.
Three Royal Navy nuclear attack submarines participated in the initial October
7, 2001 attack by firing Tomahawk missiles against terrorist training facilities. Blair
also placed at U.S. disposal the facilities on the British island of Diego Garcia in the
Indian Ocean, which lies within striking distance of Afghanistan. On October 26th,
Armed Forces Minister Adam Ingram announced that, although not requested by the
United States, Britain had placed 200 Royal Marine commandos trained in mountain
and winter warfare “on standby” aboard ships off Pakistan for “precise surgical
raids” against Taliban targets. Another 400 commandos were placed on “high
readiness” in Britain. In addition, an 11-ship naval armada led by the aircraft carrier
HMS Illustrious reportedly linked with U.S. forces in the region after completion of
October 2001 exercises in Oman. Units from Britain’s elite Special Air Service
actively served in Afghanistan, subsequently reinforced by 100 British commandos
who arrived at the Bagram airfield in mid-November.
The UK was the first nation to send military representatives and campaign
planners to CENTCOM. Forty British personnel are currently there. The UK also
has staff attached to every major U.S. component command.
From April to July 2002, the UK deployed a 1,700 person infantry battle-group,
highly skilled in mountain and cold-weather combat, to Afghanistan. The UK also
has naval warships, air squadrons, and thousands of troops deployed. A company
of Royal Marines has been deployed to Kabul and has contributed to airfield security
and mine clearing operations.
In addition to its military contributions, Britain has been playing a leading role
in peacekeeping efforts. From December 2001 until June 2002, Britain lead the
ISAF. About 1,800 British troops initially participated in the 5,000 member force.
As of August, Britain contributes 440 personnel to ISAF in a wide range of activities.
Three British ISAF soldiers have died in non-combat circumstances.
Britain pledged £200 million (about $282 million) in aid over the next five
years to help rebuild Afghanistan. Since September 11th, £60 million (about $85.5
million) has been provided for UK humanitarian assistance, including allocations to
U.N. agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and other NGOs.

CRS-49
Britain has shared intelligence with the United States and increased police
intelligence and action in the war on terrorism. Since September 11th, British
authorities have questioned and arrested dozens of individuals allegedly tied to al
Qaeda or other militant Islamic groups. In early 2001, British authorities arrested
Abu Qatada, who is connected to Algerian terrorist cell activities and is linked to
Atta and Moussaoui. He was released and then disappeared. On September 21,
2001, British authorities arrested Lofti Raissi, who trained some of the September
11th highjackers, including Hani Hanjour and Ziad Samir Zarrah. He was released
because of a lack of substantial evidence, but U.S. officials are still pursuing Raissi
as a suspect.
In October 2001, the Proceeds of Crime Bill was introduced, which contains
measures to remove illegally gained assets from criminals, including terrorists. U.K.
officials claim that they have seized about $10 million in suspected terrorist assets
since September 11th.
In December 2001, the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 came into
force, enhancing Britain’s legal framework for fighting terrorism.
Uruguay. Uruguay has supported various conventions against terrorism.
Egypt is waiting for the extradition of a member of the Islamic Group (IG) pending
in the Uruguayan courts.
Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan is providing important logistical support for the
campaign in Afghanistan. Uzbekistan has allowed 1,500 U.S. troops to be based in
the country and has permitted the use of an Uzbek airbase. Uzbekistan has also
leased an IL-76 transport aircraft to coalition members for the purpose of moving
forces and equipment. Four country representatives have been dispatched to
CENTCOM headquarters.
Uzbek authorities have reopened the country’s border crossing with
Afghanistan, the Friendship Bridge at Termez, facilitating the safe flow of
humanitarian assistance to the Afghan people. Prior to the reopening of the bridge,
some aid groups were forced to haul supplies on lengthy trips through Turkmenistan
and then into Afghanistan.
On March 12, 2002, Uzbek and American officials signed a “Strategic
Partnership” agreement in Washington, pledging cooperation in economic, legal,
humanitarian and nuclear proliferation matters.
Venezuela. Venezuela has joined the OAS members in condemning the
attacks but is opposed to using force.
Vietnam. After September 11th, Vietnam declared its willingness to fulfill its
obligations in conformity with national and international law in the global endeavor
to counter terrorism. In January 2002, the government pledged an aid package worth
$300,000 to Afghanistan’s reconstruction. This aid package includes food,
medicines, and other forms of humanitarian assistance.

CRS-50
Yemen. Officials originally indicated that they were willing to participate in
an anti-terrorism coalition, but only under the auspices of an international
organization such as the UN. More recently, the Yemeni government has pledged
deeper support. Yemeni Foreign Minister Al-Qurbi stated, “Yemen has committed
itself to continue its cooperation with the United States of America in its anti-
terrorism campaign.” Nearly 40 U.S. military advisers and related forces have been
permitted into the country to provide anti-terrorism training for the Yemeni military.
Official state news sources report that Yemen has detained 85 persons and has
arrested hundreds in connection with the al Qaeda terrorist network. Yemen has also
taken action to move against foreigners who are studying in the country’s religious
schools and are thought to be tied to al Qaeda. Over 100 foreigners from countries
including Indonesia, Pakistan, Egypt, Libya, Britain, France, and Somalia have been
arrested for overstaying their visas and for other questionable activities and will be
deported.
Since September 11th, Yemen has increased its intelligence cooperation by
attempting to track down members of al Qaeda and in stepping up cooperation in the
USS Cole bombing investigation. In December 2001, government forces launched
attacks on the country’s Marib region in search of suspected al Qaeda operatives.
Although the offensive did not lead to the capture of al Qaeda leaders, it did
demonstrate what is largely considered a good faith effort on the part of Yemen to
cooperate in the war on terrorism.
Zambia. Zambia has undertaken some efforts to cooperate at the regional and
international levels to fight against terrorism. As chairman of the OAU, President
Chiluba affirms his support of the war on terrorism.

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Appendix: Links for Abbreviations
U.N. Action Against Terrorism
U.N. Resolution 49/60: Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International
Terrorism (12/94)
[http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/49/a49r060.htm]
U.N. Resolution 54/109: Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of
Terrorism (12/99)
[http://www.un.org/law/cod/finterr.htm]
U.N. Resolution 52/164: Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings
(12/97)
[http://www.un.org/ga/documents/gares52/res52164.htm]
U.N. Security Council Resolutions Regarding Afghanistan
U.N. Resolution 1267 (10/99) on the situation in Afghanistan
[http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/nea/sasia/afghan/un/res1267.htm]
U.N. Resolution 1333 (12/00) on the situation in Afghanistan
[http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/nea/sasia/afghan/un/res1333.pdf]
U.N. Resolution 1363 (7/01) on the situation in Afghanistan
[http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/res1363e.pdf]
U.N. Resolution 1373 (9/28/01) to combat international terrorism
[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/sc7158.doc.htm]
U.N. Resolution 1378 (11/01) on the situation in Afghanistan
[http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/terror/01111512.htm]
U.N. Resolution 1383 (12/01) on the situation in Afghanistan
[http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/res1383e.pdf]
U.N. Resolution 1386 (12/01) on the situation in Afghanistan
[http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/res1386e.pdf]
U.N. Resolution 1388 (1/02) on the situation in Afghanistan
[http://daccess-ods.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/212/87/PDF/N0221287.pdf?O
penElement]
U.N. Resolution 1390 (1/02) on the situation in Afghanistan
[http://daccess-ods.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/216/02/PDF/N0221602.pdf?O
penElement]

CRS-52
U.N. Resolution 1401 (2002) on the situation in Afghanistan
[http://daccess-ods.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/309/14/PDF/N0230914.pdf?O
penElement]
Military Terms
Airborne Early Warning and Control Force (AWACS)
[http://www.e3a.nato.int/]
U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM)
[http://www.centcom.mil/aboutus/aboutus.html]
ECHELON
[http://www.telsec.com.br/echelon.html]
Multinational Interception Operations (MIF)
[http://www.minister.defence.gov.au/Hilltpl.cfm?CurrentId=1400]
Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)
[http://www.army.mil/enduringfreedom/default.html]
Operation Noble Eagle
[http://www.af.mil/news/efreedom/index.shtml]
Regional Air Movement Control Center (RAMCC)
[http://www.centaf.af.mil/ramcc/]
Laws by Country and Region
The Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism
[http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/league/terrorism98.html]
ANZUS Security Treaty
[http://usembassy-australia.state.gov/anzus/index.html]
Australian Transaction reports and Analysis Center (AUSTRAC)
[http://www.austrac.gov.au]
Canada’s Anti-Terrorism Act
[http://www.parl.gc.ca/37/1/parlbus/chambus/house/bills/government/C-36/C-36_
1/C-36TOCE.html]
Executive Order 13224 (9/23/01)
[http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2001/6531.html]
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN)
[http://www.ustreas.gov/fincen/]

CRS-53
International Law Enforcement Academy
[http://www.usis.hu/ilea.html]
Japan’s actions to combat the financing of terrorists
[http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/us/terro0109/speech/pm1029.html]
Organization for African Unity (OAU) “Convention on the Prevention and
Combating of Terrorism”
[http://www.iss.co.za/African_facts/RegOrganisations/unity_to_union/pdfs/oau/tr
eaties/Algiers_convention.pdf]
Regional Migration Conference (RMC) “Declaration Against Terrorism”
[http://www.rcmvs.org/7a_1.html]
Trilateral Agreement on Terrorism and Transnational Crimes
[http://www.gov.ph/news/default.asp?newsid=1479]
United Kingdom’s Anti-Terrorism, Crime, and Security Act of 2001
[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmbills/049/2002049.pdf]
U.S.- India Joint Working Group on Counter-terrorism
[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/11922.html]
U.S.-Pakistan Joint Working Group on Counter-terrorism
[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/10019.html]