Order Code RL31279
Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Steel: Legacy Cost Issue
Updated August 15, 2002
Stephen Cooney
Industry Analyst
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Steel: Legacy Cost Issue
Summary
The question of “legacy costs” has emerged as a key issue in the debate over
efforts to aid the American steel industry. Such costs may be defined as pension and
health care benefit provisions of contracts covering steel workers and retirees that
are funded by the earnings of steelmaking companies. As many of these companies
have faced bankruptcy in recent years, and some are moving into liquidation, current
and former steel company employees face the loss of benefits. According to the
United Steelworkers union, a total of 600,000 retirees could lose their health care
coverage altogether, for example, and total unfunded liability costs may be $13
billion or higher.
Now that President Bush has acted to establish temporary remedy relief for the
domestic steel industry under Section 201 of U.S. trade law, the union and many
legislators have said that resolution of the legacy cost issue is the next critical step
in restoring the domestic steel industry to full competitiveness. But, while the Bush
Section 201 decision was widely praised by the steel industry, no support has
coalesced in a similar way among private sector industry and union representatives,
and between legislators and the executive branch, on legacy cost assistance.
H.R. 808 (S. 957) was introduced in 2001 and deals comprehensively with this
issue. To some extent, it has been rendered moot by President Bush’s Section 201
remedies. It combines legislatively mandated steel import trade restrictions, a tax on
steel to pay for legacy costs through a government-managed system, and other
proposals. H.R. 808 is co-sponsored by 228 House Members and has been endorsed
by the United Steelworkers union, though not by steel companies and trade
associations. On April 17, 2002, Sens. Rockefeller, Specter and seven other senators
introduced S. 2189, which focuses solely on steel retiree legacy health care costs.
Two bills have also been introduced on the House side. Rep. Phil English and a
group of Republican co-sponsors introduced steel legacy cost legislation on April 24,
2002 (H.R. 4574). Rep. John Dingell and 95 co-sponsors introduced a different
legacy cost relief bill on May 2, 2002 (H.R. 4646).
Limited health care cost relief was provided to steel industry retirees in the law
granting trade promotion authority to the President (signed into law as P.L. 107-210
on August 6, 2002). This law assists retirees not eligible for Medicare, who have lost
their health care benefits because of corporate bankruptcies and liquidations. It does
not assist in funding the legacy cost burdens of steel companies that are still
operating.
These legislative actions that address the steel legacy cost issue are discussed
in the report. This report is based on CRS Report RL31107, Steel Industry and
Trade Issues, a more comprehensive report dealing with all aspects of the steel issues
currently before Congress. This report will be updated as developments warrant.

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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Why Are Legacy Costs Important? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Legacy Costs in the Steel Industry Consolidation Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Legacy Cost Proposals in Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Legacy Costs in the Steel Revitalization Act (H.R. 808/S. 957) . . . . . . . . . . 8
Senate Steel Legacy Cost Bill (S. 2189) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
House Steel Legacy Cost Relief Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Keeping Companies in Business Using the Emergency
Steel Loan Guarantee Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Paying Legacy Costs with Antidumping/Subsidy Offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Addressing Legacy Costs in Trade Adjustment Assistance
and Trade Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

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Steel: Legacy Cost Issue
Introduction
The question of “legacy costs” has emerged as a key issue amid efforts to
improve the financial health of the U.S. steel industry. Legacy costs may be defined
as pension and health care benefit provisions of steel worker contracts, especially for
retirees, which provide benefits above and beyond related public entitlements and
which are funded by earnings of steel companies. These benefits were negotiated,
especially at unionized integrated steel companies, to encourage workers to accept
workforce downsizing and productivity improvements that were deemed necessary
to keep these companies competitive. Now many of these companies are in
bankruptcy and some are being liquidated, leaving retirees and employees facing loss
of benefits. Acquiring companies may be interested in maintaining existing
operations on an ongoing basis, but likely would have no interest in assuming
responsibility for the pension and health care benefits of large numbers of retirees.
Legislative proposals are being considered to address this issue. A major question
is whether responsibility for benefits deals negotiated by private parties should be
transferred to the U.S. government.
This report describes the issue, with some statistical data included. It indicates
how the issue is addressed in the steel industry consolidation proposal put forward
in December 2001 by the U.S. Steel Corporation, and reviews legislative proposals
that address legacy costs.1
Why Are Legacy Costs Important?
The United Steelworkers union (USWA) calculated in 1999 that there was a
total of $10.6 billion in unfunded post-retirement health insurance obligations. The
four largest companies with unfunded retiree health insurance plans at that time
were U.S. Steel, Bethlehem Steel, LTV Steel, and AK Steel, which together
accounted for 63% of total unfunded liabilities.2 By production tonnage, these were
the four largest integrated steel companies in the United States, with integrated
companies accounting for half of U.S. raw steel output.3 Bethlehem Steel is now in
bankruptcy. LTV has been liquidated; part of the company is operating as the
1 This report is in part drawn from the CRS Report RL31107, Steel Industry and Trade
Issues, by the same author. The longer report discusses steel industry issues in more detail.
2 USWA. Domestic Steelmakers, Retiree Health Insurance Costs, 1999. (Table prepared
by USWA).
3 For a list of the largest U.S. steelmakers as of 2001, see CRS Rept. 31107, Table 1.

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reorganized International Steel Group, but the successor has no responsibility for
LTV retirees, whose pensions are now being paid by the Pension Benefit Guaranty
Corporation (PBGC). Meanwhile, U.S. Steel in August 2002 announced that its
pension plan is now underfunded by $1.5 billion, because of a decline in the value
of the plan’s assets, and that it may record a charge against equity of as much as
$700 million, if such an adjustment is necessary by the end of the year.4
For the major integrated producers, the USWA reported in May 2001 that total
retiree health care and pension benefit costs amounted to $65 per ton ($50 for
pension benefits and $15 for health care benefits), or 14% of the average weighted
price of a ton of steel.5 This amounted to an estimated $965 million in annual health
care benefits to approximately 400,000 retired employees and their families. USWA
president Leo Gerard raised the estimated number of affected retirees to 600,000 in
a letter to Members of Congress dated January 15, 2002, and another USWA source
estimated that the total liability would be more than $13 billion in December 2001.6
In more recent Senate testimony, Gerard also estimated that 700,000 active steel
workers and dependents are covered by steel industry health care plans.7

Under U.S. law before recent passage of the Trade Act of 2002 ( signed into law
on August 6, 2002, as P.L. 107-210), retirees and active employees of a company
providing health care could lose all coverage if the employer ended the plan upon a
liquidation under Chapter 7 of the bankruptcy law. Even if a plan is continued
through a bankruptcy reorganization, retiree health coverage may be subject to
modification or termination. If the company maintains a health care plan for active
employees, retirees may be able to participate if they elect to continue coverage at
their own expense, under rules established by the Consolidated Omnibus Budget
Reconciliation Act of 1985 (so-called “COBRA continuation”).8 For example, the
health care coverage of LTV’s retirees ended on March 31, 2002, when a successor
trust set up in 2001 during LTV’s bankruptcy ran out of money.9 Workers still with
LTV lost their health care benefits, when the plan was terminated following
liquidation proceedings. This situation has been ameliorated under the Trade Act of
2002, with respect to some retiree health care benefits, as described later in this
report.
Retirement pensions are protected under federal law. For example again, the
LTV pension plans have been taken over as of March 31 by the Pension Benefit
4 American Metal Market (AMM), August 14 and 15, 2002.
5 USWA. The Crisis in American Steel. May 22, 2001. Major integrated steelmakers
include U.S. Steel, Bethlehem Steel, LTV Steel, AK Steel, National Steel, Ispat Inland and
Wheeling-Pittsburgh.
6 This data is quoted in a New York Times article of December 5, 2001.
7 U.S. Senate. Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions. Hearing on the Future
of American Steel, March 14, 2002. Testimony of Leo W. Gerard, p. 3.
8 Health care and pension benefits for employees and retirees of a company that has entered
Chapter 7 or Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings are discussed in CRS Report RL30641,
Employment Benefits in Bankruptcy; see especially pp. 6-7 on retiree health care issues.
9 AMM, February 26, 2002.

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CRS-3
Guaranty Corporation (PBGC). This move has protected the pensions of 82,000
LTV workers, retirees and dependents, insofar as they are eligible under PBGC rules.
PBGC estimates that about half the total $4.4 billion LTV pension liability is
unfunded, so the net cost to PBGC will be about $2.2 billion. PBGC reported a
surplus of $7.7 billion as of 2001, despite an annual loss of $2 billion. The LTV
pension funds takeover, the largest ever accomplished by PBGC, should thus not
leave the organization in the red, though it may questionable how many more such
transactions the fund can sustain.10
The USWA argues that the major integrated companies are at a competitive
disadvantage against domestic companies that do not face legacy costs or foreign
manufacturers whose governments already provide health care to steelworkers
through national health care plans. Domestic companies that operate minimills, such
as Nucor, have a younger work force, few retirees, and no unfunded post-retirement
obligations.11 Restructuring of the industry, especially the integrated mills, is a key
condition of President Bush’s Section 201 tariff remedy, but it may not be possible
without resolving this question. As the members of the Senate Steel Caucus wrote
President Bush on February 8, 2002:
The single, greatest barrier to market-based restructuring is the existence of
unsustainable retiree health and pension-related legacy costs. Unfunded steel
industry pension liabilities to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation already
exceed $7 billion, and these liabilities, combined with depressed market
conditions, have made restructuring within the industry via acquisition nearly
impossible.12
Legacy Costs in the Steel Industry Consolidation
Proposal
On December 4, 2001, the largest integrated American steelmaker made an
announcement that could signal a major change in the structure of the industry. U.S.
Steel confirmed that “It is developing a comprehensive plan for significant
10 Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. Press releases, “PBGC Protects Benefits of 82,000
LTV Workers in Largest-Ever Federal Pension Takeover,” (Mar. 29, 2002), and “PBGC
Records $7.7 Billion Surplus Despite Sharply Higher Claims in 2001,” (Apr. 8, 2002).
PBGC itself reported that total private pension plan shortfalls in 2001 were $111 billion, four
times the level of 2000, but it does not see any serious crisis as a result ( Associated Press,
“Shortfalls in Private Pension Plans Hit Record Level,” July 26, 2002).
11 USWA. Domestic Steelmakers: Retiree Health Care Legacy Costs. no date. Ibid., The
Steel Crisis and Retiree Health Care (March 8, 2002) asserts that 250,000 employees and
dependents are covered by health plans of steel companies now in bankruptcy.
12 Letter of Senate Steel Caucus to President George W. Bush, February 8, 2002; for details
on the Section 201 presidential decision, see Steel Industry Issues and the Section 201 Trade
Case (CRS electronic trade briefing book EBTRA126) and CRS Report RL31107.

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consolidation in the domestic integrated steel industry.” The plan involved three
“key elements:”
First, it requires the implementation of President Bush’s
[steel]...program...[especially] a strong remedy under Section 201 of the Trade
Act of 1974. Second, it calls for the creation of a government-sponsored program
that would provide relief from the industry’s retiree legacy cost burden...thereby
removing the most significant barrier to consolidation of a highly fragmented
industry. Third, it requires a progressive new labor agreement that would provide
for meaningful reductions in operating costs.13
The plan essentially calls for consolidation of much of the U.S. integrated
production under U.S. Steel. Companies confirmed to have participated in the
discussions include Bethlehem Steel (which announced the plan jointly with U.S.
Steel), Wheeling Pittsburgh, and National Steel, a U.S. subsidiary of Japan’s NKK
steel company. Each of these companies is among the top ten integrated steel
companies in the United States.
The U.S. Steel move was only a reflection of what is happening globally. There
has been a wave of consolidations in Europe, capped recently by the merger of
France’s major steelmaker, Usinor, with the Luxembourg steelmaker, Arbed, and its
Spanish affiliate, Aceralia, to create Arcelor, now the world’s biggest steelmaker.14
Also, Japan’s five big steelmakers, also among the world’s biggest, are creating two
new alliances.15 Brazilian companies have recently made substantial direct
investments in the U.S. market, including California Steel Industries, a major West
Coast rolling mill. Gerdau, Brazil’s largest minimill operator, acquired a total of
seven U.S. and Canadian minimills since the late 1990s, and recently announced a
“reverse takeover” of Toronto-based minimill company Co-Steel that will make
Gerdau the second-largest North American minimill operator.16 CSN of Brazil,
which acquired Heartland Steel of Indiana, has also been reportedly involved in
discussions to establish a joint venture position at the Baltimore facilities of
Bethlehem Steel.17 Yet at the same time, European steelmakers are increasing their
role in the Brazilian industry. CST, the world’s largest merchant slab producer, is
13 USX Corp. “U.S. Steel Developing Plan for Significant Consolidation in Domestic
Integrated Steel Industry,” press release (December 4, 2001). USX was the holding
company parent of U.S. Steel Corporation before December 31, 2001. At the end of the
year, the steelmaking operations of USX became the current U.S. Steel through a tax-free
spin-off from USX, whose other operations have become the totally separate Marathon Oil
Corporation.
14 AMM, December 13, 2001. On Arcelor, which expects to produce 43 million MT of steel
in 2002, or about 5% of the world total, see Financial Times, June 6, 2002.
15 AMM, December 5, 2001 and January 3, 2002; Financial Times, Dec. 23, 2001 and April
8, 2002. Additionally, a Financial Times article (Jan. 10, 2002) on an alliance between
Japan’s Sumitomo Metals and the Anglo-Dutch steel firm Corus notes an increasing array
of international alliances within the industry. An April 8, 2002, article in the same
newspaper describes a new technology alliance between NKK and Kawasaki Steel of Japan
with Germany’s largest steelmaker, ThyssenKrupp.
16 AMM, August 14, 2002.
17 AMM, March 27, 2002.

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CRS-5
now more than 40% owned by Arcelor. The Anglo-Dutch company Corus has just
acquired a controlling stake in CSN to create the world’s fifth-largest steel
company.18 In the U.S. Steel statement, president and CEO Thomas Usher noted
such consolidations in the international industry, though he insisted that his domestic
industry plan was far from a done deal. “We are willing to participate in such a
process, but only to the extent that it is beneficial to U.S. Steel’s customers,
shareholders, creditors and employees.”19
The U.S. Steel plan was made public reportedly after extensive discussions with
representatives of the Bush Administration, especially U.S. Trade Representative
Robert Zoellick and Secretary of Commerce Donald Evans, and the Congressional
Steel Caucus.20 Proponents view government aid, through high temporary tariffs
under the Section 201 initiative and through legacy cost assistance, as an
indispensable component of any industry consolidation program.
USWA president Leo Gerard indicated labor’s support for the plan and
government aid in covering retiree and health care benefits. “If steelmakers were to
liquidate and 600,000 retirees were to lose their benefits – bring that to 1 million
family members in key industrial states – I’d make sure all those retirees know who
in Washington abandoned them.” And Bethlehem Steel CEO Robert S. Miller
argued that covering legacy costs to help save a consolidated industry might be cost-
effective. “The government would be on the hook,” for $2 billion in pension
guarantees in Bethlehem’s case, Miller asserted. “You multiply that across the
industry, and it would exceed [government’s paying legacy health care costs],” he
calculated.21 Miller was apparently implying that in the case of his company, and
similar companies now operating in bankruptcy, it may actually be cheaper for the
government to bear existing legacy costs, rather than to allow the companies to
liquidate and have the government become responsible through PBGC for employee
pensions (and now, under the 2002 Trade Act, for some retiree health care cost
assistance as well).22
At a Senate hearing on March 14, 2002, Miller amplified on this calculation.
In addition to PBGC costs, he estimated that Bethlehem is currently responsible for
$3 billion in health care liabilities, some share of which would be picked up by the
public sector should Bethlehem liquidate.23 The Senate Steel Caucus letter of
18 Financial Times, July 17, 2002; New York Times, July 18, 2002; AMM, July 18 and 22,
2002.
19 USX press release of December 4, 2001.
20 DER, “U.S. Steel Companies Eye Consolidation for Industry, Government Aid for
Retirees” (Dec. 5, 2001); New York Times, Dec. 5, 2001; Inside U.S. Trade, “Steel
Companies Begin Process to Explore Consolidation, Aided by U.S.” (Dec. 7, 2001).
21 Gerard and Miller are quoted in New York Times, December 5, 2001.
22 Employee pensions are paid into a separate trust fund that is guaranteed under the
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA); see CRS Report RL30641.
23 Testimony at Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pension Committee hearing, March 14,
2002. Miller’s testimony excludes additional retiree health care costs that would be picked
(continued...)

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February 8, quoted above, estimates that the total direct and indirect costs to
government of “continued steel company failure,” including lost state and local tax
revenues, food stamps for unemployed workers and impact on secondary businesses,
as well as the direct legacy cost issues, could be as high as $20 billion.24
The original industry consolidation plan was vigorously criticized by the steel
minimills, which are not in general troubled by the legacy cost problem. The
president of the Steel Manufacturers Association (representing minimills), Thomas
Danjczek, called the government aid proposal a “bailout.”25 Nor has the idea of
government financial support for industry consolidation been enthusiastically
received outside the steel industry.26
To address the perception of a division in steel’s ranks, the CEOs of U.S. Steel
and Nucor, together with other steel executives, announced on January 15, 2002, a
“common action plan.” They agreed on two essential steps:
! “...A strong and comprehensive remedy under Section 201...” This
would include a “minimum” 40% tariff for four years covering “the
full range of products where injury has been found by the ITC.”
(Both Nucor and U.S. Steel have subsequently expressed support for
the 30% three-year remedy tariffs assigned to high-volume product
imports in President Bush’s Section 201 case decision.)
! “...Removal of the principal barrier to consolidation – employee-
related obligations that certain steelmakers have accrued through
prior restructuring actions as well as those that will result from
future rationalization activities.” However, this did not mean “direct
government payments to any steel company.” Rather, the steel
company CEOs suggested that the government should bear, “with
existing government programs...to the maximum extent possible,”
the costs of rationalization by assuming for displaced workers of
consolidated companies “the same obligations that would become
[government’s] responsibility via the Chapter 7 liquidation
process.”27
23 (...continued)
up by the government under the 2002 Trade Act.
24 Letter of 13 Senators to President Bush, Feb. 8, 2002.
25 Quoted in New York Times, Dec. 11, 2001. Nucor Corp. issued its own counter statement
attacking the government assistance concept in the U.S. Steel plan, reproduced in Inside U.S.
Trade, Dec. 7, 2001. But some minimill executives, including the head of financially
troubled Birmingham Steel Corp., were quoted in a more positive vein in AMM, December
6, 2001.
26 Critical editorials and articles appeared in the Chicago Tribune, Dec. 5, 2001; Washington
Post, Dec. 8, 2001; New York Times, Dec. 11, 2001; and, Wall St. Journal, editorial comment
and “Capital” front-page column, December 6, 2001.
27 Identical press releases of Nucor and U.S. Steel, January 15, 2002; see also DER, “Steel
Industry Heads Announce Plan for Steel Industry Recovery,” January 16, 2002.

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This “common action plan” was not directly translated into a legislative
proposal, nor did other industry stakeholders respond.28 Legislation would be
necessary if the federal government were to assume responsibility for any additional
payments or benefits that steel company employees and retirees receive beyond those
to which they are entitled under existing law. Thus, in April 2002 nine Senators co-
sponsored S. 2189, the Steel Industry Consolidation and Retiree Benefits Act, after
reported consultations with large integrated steel companies and the USWA. This
initiative was taken as an amendment to add steel legacy cost relief to the Senate
Energy bill failed on the floor.29 Shortly thereafter, two similar bills were introduced
in the House. These legislative developments will be analyzed in detail in the next
section of the report.
The Administration has so far provided no specific guarantee of government
support beyond trade policy. At his press briefing on the presidential Section 201
decision, U.S. Trade Representative Robert Zoellick deflected a question on legacy
cost relief by saying, “...In the meeting that the President had with members of the
steel caucus last week, Democrats and Republicans, everyone who spoke about this
topic said, Mr. President you should focus on the safeguard action and let Congress
deal with this question of legacy costs, recognizing that there are a variety of views.”
Zoellick further indicated that, “The steel industry was somewhat divided...Some of
the large, integrated producers want the government to pick up the $13 billion. The
minimills, who have had a different set of labor contracts, didn’t want that.”30
Indeed, a formal board of directors’ statement of the minimills’ trade group stressed
the limited nature of their support of government assistance for legacy costs and the
group’s head has directly criticized S. 2189.31
Without any government action on legacy cost proposals, the steel industry may
restructure itself, coping with legacy costs as best it can, possibly through bankruptcy
reorganizations. The 2002 Trade Act now provides a significant measure of relief
for retirees’ health care benefits. But it does not address health care legacy costs as
they affect companies that are continuing to operate. Since the initial announcement
of the U.S. Steel consolidation plan, National Steel has joined Bethlehem and
Wheeling-Pitt in Chapter 11 bankruptcy.32 Meanwhile Bethlehem has indicated that
the consolidation plan is developing too slowly in resolving legacy costs to be of use
in its bankruptcy reorganization. It is pursuing other joint-venture opportunities. It
has also indicated that it may unilaterally reduce employee and retiree health care
28 See Inside U.S. Trade, “Steel Company Agreement Omits Specific Solution for Legacy
Costs” (January 25, 2002).
29 AMM, April 19, 2002; DER, “Senate Rejects GOP Effort to Open Arctic Refuge to Oil,
Gas Exploration,” (Apr. 19, 2002); Washington Post, April 19, 2002.
30 Press Briefing by U.S. Trade Representative Robert Zoellick (March 5, 2002),
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/03/20020305-13.
31 Steel Manufacturers Association. “Steel Industry Statement on Proposed Sections 201/203
Trade Remedy,” (February 8, 2002), p. 2; AMM, April 22, 2002.
32 Financial Times, March 6, 2002; AMM, March 7, 2002.

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CRS-8
benefits, as it can do under federal bankruptcy proceedings.33 Thomas Usher of U.S.
Steel indicated that some details on consolidation proposals may be presented to
USTR Zoellick and Secretary of Commerce Donald Evans in a meeting with steel
industry leaders planned for September 2002.34
Legacy Cost Proposals in Legislation
Some of the possible ways in which legacy costs might be covered or addressed
legislatively have appeared in the following proposals.
Legacy Costs in the Steel Revitalization Act (H.R. 808/S. 957)
Introduced by Representatives Visclosky and Quinn, H.R. 808 is a
comprehensive measure addressing the issues that affect the steel industry. The bill
had 228 House co-sponsors by March 2002. A companion bill has been introduced
in the Senate (S. 957), by Senator Paul Wellstone and three co-sponsors. The legacy
cost provision is also a separate title in S. 910, introduced by Senator Jay
Rockefeller.
Title II of this bill would establish a 1.5% sales tax on U.S.-made steel products
and imports to finance the health care benefits of certain steelworker retirees. This
provision reflects an assessment that the financially troubled domestic steel industry
can no longer meet the health care commitments that were made in exchange for
labor’s acceptance of earlier downsizing agreements. The bill would establish a
Steel Retiree Health Care Board in the Department of Labor, which would include
labor and industry representatives. It would administer a Health Care Benefit Costs
Assistance Program and a Steelworker Retiree Health Care Trust Fund, both to be
established in this bill. The Board would make projections on a yearly basis to
determine necessary funds based on the size of the retiree pool. As the pool shrinks,
the tax would be automatically reduced until it is phased out.
The USWA is the leading proponent of the legacy-cost-sharing provision of
H.R. 808/S. 957. It takes the position that a tax on steel sales is appropriate to
support the legacy health care costs of steelworkers who were involuntarily retired
during the 1980s or who may have lost their jobs during the late 1990s. But,
although Title II addresses the legacy issues affecting the integrated steel producers,
these companies have not, at present, expressed formal support for this provision.
Moreover, as noted earlier, the minimills, in particular, are actively opposed to the
approach of H.R. 808. The Steel Manufacturers Association has taken the position
that “government assistance to troubled steel companies for continued operation or
legacy costs is unacceptable. That assistance is unfair to those steel companies who
are not troubled.”35
33 AMM, March 6 and 27, 2002; Baltimore Sun, July 10, 2002.
34 AMM, July 29, 2002 (print ed.).
35 Steel Manufacturers Association. On Ending the Steel Crisis: Statement on a Program
Needed and Principles Underlying Its Implementation ( Feb. 9, 2001).

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Efforts were made to address this issue in the post-September 11 economic
stimulus package (H.R. 3090). Rep. Visclosky sought at the Rules Committee stage
to have a version of Title II included for consideration as a floor amendment to H.R.
3090. Earlier, Representative Stephanie Tubbs Jones had introduced H.R. 3059,
which would have provided for retiree health care by allowing steel companies a
partial refund of net operating loss carryforwards in their tax bills; supporters also
tried to add this provision to H.R. 3090.36 Neither provision was included in H.R.
3090, when it passed the House on October 24, 2001. Later, after LTV moved to
liquidate under Chapter 7 of the bankruptcy code in December 2001, Representative
Dennis Kucinich initiated a discharge petition for H.R. 808, and has gained 123
signatures; it would take a majority (218 signatures) to force a floor vote on the bill.
Senate Steel Legacy Cost Bill (S. 2189)
The liquidation of LTV early in 2002 terminated the health care plan that
covered more than 80,000 employees, retirees and dependents. The bankruptcy of
Bethlehem Steel threatens an even larger number of steel company health plan
beneficiaries. This problem was highlighted at a March 14, 2002, hearing before the
Subcommittee on Aging of the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
Committee. On April 17, 2002, Senator Jay Rockefeller, co-chair of the Senate Steel
Caucus, introduced S. 2189 on behalf of himself, his co-chair (Senator Specter), the
Majority Leader (Senator Daschle) and six other co-sponsors. The bill is entitled the
“Steel Industry Consolidation and Retiree Benefits Protection Act.” As indicated by
Sen. Rockefeller in his statement introducing the bill, part of the rationale is the
belief that, “The American steel industry will not consolidate and will not survive
without relief from their unique burden of substantial retiree health care costs.”37
S. 2189 would add a new title to the 1974 Trade Act to establish a “Steel
Industry Retiree Benefits Protection Program.” The program would be financed by
a new Steel Industry Legacy Relief Trust Fund, and administered by the Secretary
of Commerce and a Board of Trustees. The purpose of the retiree benefits program
would be to provide for continued health care coverage for retirees from a
“qualified” steel company. Under Section 912 of the amended law, a “qualifying
event” would be:
! acquisition of the company or its steelmaking operations by another
company between January 1, 2000 and January 1, 2004;
! closure of a company operating under Chapter 7 or 11 bankruptcy
during the same period;
! an unsuccessful attempt for at least two years to be acquired by
other companies, or otherwise being threatened with imminent
closure.
In addition to such company-specific events, once a total of 200,000 retirees and
beneficiaries are participating in the federal retiree benefits program, any other steel
company may choose to transfer its retiree health care beneficiaries to the program
(a process described as a “qualified election”).
36 AMM, October 16, 2001.
37 Congressional Record (April 17, 2002), p. S2842.

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Regardless of their original industry beneficiary program and status, the health
care benefits of all participant retirees and beneficiaries are defined to be identical
to Blue Cross/Blue Shield benefits under the Standard Plan of the Federal Employees
Health Benefit Program, which includes a prescription drug benefit, plus a $5,000
life insurance death benefit. The retiree benefits program is to be funded by a
number of sources:
! tariff duties on steel mill products;
! retiree health care trust fund assets of qualified steel companies;
! a charge of $5 per ton of steel shipped annually from the capacity of
an acquired steel company (or otherwise “qualified” company) for
10 years;
! retiree premiums;
! “appropriated funds” for shortfalls, as authorized annually in Section
931 of the bill.
Estimates of costs of the program have varied from $4 billion to $12 billion.
The industry has not been unanimous in support of the legislation. Some large
integrated steel mill companies, notably U.S. Steel and Bethlehem Steel, as well as
the USWA, were reportedly consulted in developing the bill and have indicated their
support. AISI and SMA have not supported the bill, and SMA president Thomas
Danjczek was reportedly critical. “Let the market work, not the government,” he
said. “I’m concerned that the essential interests of some of my members are being
sacrificed by the drive to get subsidy relief by some domestic producers.”38 In his
statement introducing the legislation, Sen. Rockefeller acknowledged that “...This
steel legislation will not happen without the active involvement of the
President...without his support and quick involvement, we will not be able to get a
bill through this Congress.”39 S. 2189 was referred to the Finance Committee.
House Steel Legacy Cost Relief Bills
Similar legislation has been introduced in the House, but with some important
differences. Representative Phil English and five Republican co-sponsors introduced
the Steel Industry Legacy Relief and Transition Act on April 24, 2002 (H.R. 4574).
This would establish a Steel Industry Legacy Relief Program within the Labor
Department, managed by the Secretary of Labor. As in S. 2189, H.R. 4574 would
be partially funded by Section 201 tariff duties, any existing health care fund assets,
participants’ premiums and a $5 per ton charge on the capacity of assets transferred
to another company. Retirees would become eligible for coverage through domestic
steel company acquisitions of another company, industry “rationalization,” or
participation in any company that was liquidated between “January 1, 2000 and May
1, 2002,” dates established to include LTV and other retirees who have lost benefits.
There is no “industry-wide election” provision as in S. 2189. Benefit levels are not
38 AMM, April 19 and 22, 2002; DER, “Sens. Rockefeller, Specter Introduce Bill to Finance
‘Legacy Costs’ of Steel Industry” (April 19, 2002).
39 Congressional Record (April 17, 2002), p. S2844.

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CRS-11
legislatively established, but would in no case be higher than covered persons’
benefits under their previous private sector plan.40
The Steel Industry Legacy Relief Act (H.R. 4646) was introduced by
Representative John Dingell and 96 co-sponsors on May 2, 2002. This bill is very
similar to S. 2189. The major difference is that while H.R. 4646 also establishes an
“industry-wide” election process for transferring all steel retiree health care
responsibilities to the “Steel Legacy Relief Trust Fund,” it gives union
representatives veto power over the transfer process. Thus, under this legislation, a
company that was not in economic difficulties and whose retirees were therefore not
eligible under the qualification provisions for transfer to the federal plan, would not
be able to divest itself of legacy cost responsibilities unless each union representing
10% or more of its employees agreed. (Sec. 112(d)(2)(B)).
In addition to these bills, Representative James Traficant on March 14, 2002,
introduced H.R. 3982. It would also use Section 201 steel tariffs in the funding of
retiree health care benefits.
There is presently no consensus among industry stakeholders behind these
legacy cost relief bills. The largest integrated steel producer, U.S. Steel, supports the
English bill (H.R. 4574), but not the Dingell bill (H.R. 4646). Under the latter
proposal U.S. Steel, currently a solvent company, would need consensus acceptance
of labor before it could discharge its retiree health care responsibilities to the federal
program. Failing union support for such a “qualified election” of the federal plan,
U.S. Steel feels it would become significantly disadvantaged against other domestic
producers. Bethlehem Steel, the largest steelmaker now in Chapter 11 bankruptcy,
supports Dingell (H.R. 4646), but opposes H.R. 4574. The English bill limits legacy
cost relief to “domestic” companies that acquire assets of American steel companies,
but Bethlehem is currently in joint-venture negotiations with foreign-owned
companies. Like Bethlehem, the USWA supports H.R. 4646, and not H.R. 4574.
The SMA opposes both House bills.41
Keeping Companies in Business Using the Emergency Steel
Loan Guarantee Program
This program, first established in P.L. 106-51, was designed to guarantee loans
for restructuring and modernizing steel companies that were financially distressed
following the 1997-98 import surge and industry financial crisis. In practice, the
loan guarantee program has not played a major role in alleviating the latest industry
problems. Only one guarantee was issued, for a loan of $110 million, that a company
has subsequently been able to take up. In particular, the fixed deadline of December
31, 2005, for loan maturities decreased the attractiveness of the guarantees to would-
be lenders and investors.42 Congress therefore extended the repayment deadline by
40 For commentary, see AMM, April 26, 2002.
41 AMM, May 3 and 6, 2002.
42 U.S. Department of Commerce. Emergency Steel Loan Guarantee Program/Emergency
Oil and Gas Guaranteed Loan Program: Annual Report of the Secretary of Commerce to
(continued...)

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CRS-12
ten years and made other changes to the program in an amendment to the FY 2002
Interior appropriations bill (P.L. 107-63). But these changes were not enough to
enable LTV, the third-largest integrated steelmaker, to avoid the Chapter 7
liquidation process.
LTV was in the process of negotiating a $250 million loan with its bankers and
the Steel Loan Board when the prospects of the industry suddenly worsened after the
September 11 terrorist attacks and the economic downturn. Negotiations between
the company, its creditors, the USWA, the Loan Board, and other interested parties
(particularly the City of Cleveland) failed to create a package that lenders and the
Steel Loan Board believed that the company was likely to repay. LTV’s
management asked the bankruptcy court for permission to liquidate. LTV was able
to agree to leave its blast furnaces on “hot idle” status, making them less expensive
to restart, and agreed to continue to pay benefits for employees and retirees on a
temporary provisional basis while the liquidation proceeds. At the end of the First
Session in 2001, representatives of LTV’s workers pressed Congress to take
measures to stave off the company’s liquidation and termination of worker and
retiree benefits.43
LTV’s closure stimulated a number of legislative initiatives, besides the H.R.
808 discharge petition mentioned above. On November 28, 2001, Rep. Visclosky
attempted to add an amendment to the FY 2002 Defense appropriations bill that
would have established a three-year, $2.4 billion government entitlement program
for steel companies seeking to cover retiree health care obligations. Visclosky was
supported on the floor by a number of other Members, but his amendment was ruled
out of order and he withdrew it.44 On December 6, 2001, Rep. Steven LaTourette,
with three co-sponsors, introduced H.R. 3428, a bill that would allow the Steel Loan
Guarantee Board to waive the requirement that a borrowing company must have
good prospects for paying back guaranteed loans, provided that a number of other
conditions were met. There has been no further action on this bill.
On the Senate side, at the very end of the First Session, Sen. Wellstone and six
co-sponsors introduced a different steel loan guarantee reform measure, S. 1884.
This bill would still require a “fair likelihood” that prospective industry borrowers
repay loans, but would mitigate the requirement by allowing forecasts to “assume
vigorous and timely enforcement of our trade laws and general prosperity in the
economy...” The bill also raises the loan limit to any one company from $250
million to $350 million, and increases the maximum share of a loan that can be
guaranteed from the present 85% in most cases to 95% in all cases. A House
companion bill (H.R. 3559) has also been introduced. No legislation has been
approved in the Second Session relevant to this issue.
42 (...continued)
the Congress for Fiscal Years 1999 and 2000; see also the General Accounting Office report,
Financial Management: Emergency Steel Loan Guarantee Program (GAO-01-714R).
43 Details on the LTV Chapter 7 bankruptcy are in AMM, Nov. 26 and 29, Dec. 4,5,10,14,
18,20 and 21, 2001; The Economist, January 5, 2002.
44 Congressional Record (Nov. 28, 2001), pp. H8519-23; AMM, November 30, 2001.

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CRS-13
Paying Legacy Costs with Antidumping/Subsidy Offsets
The Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act (CDSOA) was signed into law
in October 2000. The CDSOA is commonly known as the “Byrd Amendment,”
because the then ranking member of the Senate Appropriations Committee succeeded
in adding it to the FY 2001 Agriculture appropriations bill (P.L. 106-387).45 It
requires antidumping and countervailing duties to be deposited in a special account,
from which the domestic industry petitioners who meet eligibility criteria may draw
funds to offset expenses incurred as a result of the dumped or subsidized imports.
Funds may be used by claimants for a wide range of purposes, including training,
employee health care, and pension benefits, as well as improvement of
manufacturing technology and equipment, and R&D expenditures. Only companies
still operating in the affected industries, including operations that may have been
acquired by new owners, are eligible for the offset payments.46
This law has proven both controversial and of limited value in the context of
levels of legacy cost liabilities in the steel industry that have been discussed above.
A total of $207 million was disbursed from this account in December 2001 to more
than 140 U.S. companies – about half of them steel mills and iron foundries. But
individual totals for steel companies were relatively small: the largest payouts to
steel companies were about $4 million each to Bethlehem Steel and the Armco unit
of AK Steel. The largest single payouts under the program were for $62 million to
Torrington and $31 million to Timken Co., two ball bearing manufacturers.47
Meanwhile, U.S. trading partners believe that use of penalty tariffs to subsidize
a competing domestic industry, as under the Byrd Amendment, contravenes World
Trade Organization (WTO) rules. The European Union, Japan, Canada, and eight
other U.S. trading partners initiated a WTO case against the Byrd Amendment. On
July 17, 2002, the interim report of the WTO dispute settlement panel reportedly
found against the United States and concluded that the only conceivable and
effective remedy would be to repeal the law altogether. Representatives of the
Administration have indicated their opposition to the ruling and that they will file an
appeal. With or without a U.S. appeal, the next round of CDSOA disbursements to
industry petitioners, scheduled for November 2002, will continue as planned.48
45 See CRS Report RL30461, Trade Law Reform in the 107th Congress, pp. 7-8.
46 Federal Register, June 26, 2001, pp. 33920-26 and August 3, 2001, pp. 40782-40800.
47 AMM, December 17, 2001; DER, “Customs Processes Over $200 Million for
Disbursement Under Byrd Amendment,” December 4, 2001. The complete disbursement
list, by company and state, is Department of the Treasury. U.S. Customs Service. CDSOA
FY2001 Disbursements by Claimant (January 22, 2002).
48 Inside U.S. Trade, “Nine U.S. Trading Partners File WTO Request on Byrd Law,” July 13,
2001; DER, “WTO Members Outline Case Against Byrd Amendment; First Hearing Set for
February” (Dec. 10, 2001), and “WTO Panel Shoots Down Byrd Amendment in Preliminary
Ruling, Urges Straight Repeal” (July 18, 2002); Inside US Trade, “WTO Interim Panel Rules
Against Byrd Law Distributing Duties to Private Parties,” July 17, 2002.

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CRS-14
Addressing Legacy Costs in Trade Adjustment Assistance
and Trade Legislation
Workers whose positions were eliminated because of the impact of direct trade
competition are eligible for additional unemployment compensation and retraining
assistance through Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA), a program administered by
the Department of Labor. In addition, firms that have been negatively affected by
trade are also eligible for technical assistance in adjusting to the new competitive
circumstances in a small program administered by the Commerce Department,
primarily through regional Trade Adjustment Assistance Centers.
The authorization for these programs expired January 10, 2002, though the
programs continue to be administered, as Congress did pass appropriations
legislation that funds TAA assistance in FY 2002. The Department of Labor advised
states that they should continue payment of benefits pending a future
reauthorization.49
On October 5, 2001, the House Ways and Means Committee approved by voice
vote a simple renewal of the present TAA statute through the end of FY 2003 (H.R.
3008). The Ways and Means Committee action deferred a more thoroughgoing re-
examination and reform of the TAA program. In response to complaints in the
committee regarding the short notice given for the reauthorization bill, Chairman
William Thomas stated that the action was “the beginning, not the end” of
congressional debate on TAA renewal.50 Subsequently, when the full House passed
H.R. 3008 on December 6, 2001, immediately before the vote on authorizing
presidential trade promotion authority, the bill was amended to add 26 weeks of
benefit payments, plus additional support for those in need of remedial education.
The Senate Finance Committee included TAA reauthorization as part of its revision
of the post-September 11 economic stimulus package (H.R. 3090), but there was no
final congressional action on this measure in the First Session.51
Senator Jeff Bingaman introduced on July 19, 2001 a TAA bill (S. 1209) that
would significantly expand the programs. The measure would allow the President
or either of the congressional trade committees to initiate industry-wide certification
for TAA relief, and also require the Labor Department to initiate such a process
concomitant with the start of ITC investigations. Maximum income support under
TAA would be expanded from 52 to 78 weeks, and version of the bill approved by
the Finance Committee would make the government responsible for 75% of the cost
to an individual for continuing employer-provided healthcare coverage after loss of
a job (so-called “COBRA” participation). S. 1209 was not industry-specific, but
49 See CRS electronic trade briefing book sections, Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers
[http://www.congress.gov/brbk/html/ebtra85] by Paul Graney and Celinda Franco, and
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms, [http://www.congress.gov/brbk/html/ebtra57], by
J.F. Hornbeck; see also statement of Sen. Max Baucus, Congressional Record (December
20, 2001), p. S13932.
50 DER, “House Panel OKs Renewal of TAA Program, Extension Measure for GSP Duty-
Free Relief,” October 9, 2001.
51 CRS EBTRA85, p. 2.

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CRS-15
Senators from steel-producing states and union representatives supported it, because
of its relevance to the steel industry legacy cost issue, as well as the prospect of
large-scale industry closings and bankruptcies.52 Representatives Ken Bentsen and
Anna Eshoo introduced a companion bill in the House on November 29, 2001 (H.R.
3359).
For its part, the Department of Labor on behalf of the Bush Administration
proposed to reform TAA by combining the general program with NAFTA-TAAP,
the special adjustment assistance program for those who lose their jobs because of
NAFTA-based competition. The Labor Department draft also included tighter rules
on waiving the retraining participation requirement, and proposed a pilot program
that would allow workers to choose a $5,000 trade adjustment account in lieu of
training and income support provided under the regular program.53 The issue of
TAA reauthorization and reform was closely related to the issue in the Senate of
approving legislation to grant the President trade promotion authority (TPA, also
known as “fast-track” authority).54
After several weeks of negotiation on the terms of expanding TAA benefits to
include health care coverage, Sen. Daschle on May 1, 2002, introduced an
amendment to the combined Trade-TAA bill under discussion on the Senate floor
(H.R. 3009). The amendment included a health care benefit, through which the
federal government would pay for 73% of COBRA continuation health care costs for
beneficiaries through an “advanceable” refundable tax credit. The amendment also
established eligibility for steelworker retirees who have recently lost their health
care benefits by allowing them to join state “pools” set up for workers who also
have no health care coverage. The amendment stated, in defining an “eligible
worker:”
Such term includes an individual not [previously] described...who would have
been eligible to be certified as an eligible retiree or eligible beneficiary for
purposes of participating in the Steel Industry Retiree Benefits Protection
program under the Trade Act of 1974, as amended by S.2189, as introduced on
April 17, 2002.
Sen. Rockefeller was quoted as stating that the provision was “just a bridge” for
one year at a cost of “$300 million to $400 million” intended to help 125,000 people
from LTV and other companies who have lost health insurance coverage during the
recent steel industry downturn.55
52 AMM, July 23, 2001. A complete analysis of contending approaches to TAA
reauthorization and reform is in the CRS report Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers:
Legislation in the 107th Congress (RS 21078), by Paul J. Graney (updated Apr. 19, 2002).
53 DER, “DOL Proposes New Program to Aid Workers Who Lose Their Jobs to Trade”
(January 10, 2002).
54 Inside U.S. Trade, “Senate Democrats Move to Bring Fast Track to Floor Next Week,”
(April 19, 2002).
55 DER, “Democrats, Republicans Remain at Odds on Health Items in Trade Bill; Talks
Continue” (May 3, 2002).

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CRS-16
There was a strong and negative Republican-led response to Sen. Daschle’s
introduction of an amendment without bipartisan agreement, and particularly to the
inclusion of the steel retirees provision, which had not been previously been
discussed in the context of this legislation. The Bush Administration formally
opposed the Daschle Amendment’s TAA provisions. It held that they were “very
costly, increasing the size of the programs by at least 300 to 400
percent...Specifically, the Administration opposes the Daschle Substitute’s last
minute addition of health assistance for steel retirees [that] could potentially cost
more than $800 million per year – almost twice the cost of the current programs.”56
Bethlehem Steel and U.S. Steel indicated that the amendment would not appear to
resolve their problems. The SMA indicated, however, that it would not oppose this
amendment, if, in its final form, it was limited to short-term assistance for retirees
who have lost health care benefits and if no payments were made to operating steel
companies.57
On May 9, 2002, the chair and ranking member of the Finance Committee,
Senators Max Baucus and Charles Grassley, announced agreement on a substitute
amendment that dropped the steel retiree coverage from the bill altogether, while
reducing the subsidy for COBRA coverage for unemployed workers under TAA to
70% and altering how it would be administered.58 A motion to close debate on H.R.
3009 and move to final consideration based on this version of TAA reauthorization
was approved by 68-29 on May 21. On May 23, 2002, the Senate gave final
approval to H.R. 3009 by a vote of 66-30.59
Supporters of health care cost relief for retired steelworkers attempted to restore
the steel retirees’ relief provision during the debate on trade legislation through a
separate amendment. A reworked version of the Rockefeller amendment to the TAA
provisions was reintroduced, but failed when the Senate refused to close debate on
the measure by four votes (56-40) on May 21. As discussed in the floor debate, the
Congressional Budget Office’s estimate of the cost of this measure was $179 million
for the one year relief sought by supporters for LTV retirees and others who had lost
their health care coverage through steel industry bankruptcies. Majority Leader
Daschle said, “It was a powerful message because we have 56 Senators on record to
say that this fight goes on. Ultimately we will win this fight. Steelworkers will get
help. This is just the beginning.”60
56 Executive Office of the President. Office of Management and Budget. Statement of
Administration Policy: H.R. 3009 – Andean Trade Preference Expansion Act, (May 8, 2002),
p. 3.
57 See for example, AMM (May 6, 2002).
58 DER, “Trade Adjustment Assistance Measure Includes 70 Percent Health Care Subsidy”
(May 10, 2002).
59 Inside U.S. Trade, “Senate Approves Cloture Motion on Trade Package” (May 22, 2002);
DER, “Senate Approves TPA Measure, But Difficult Conference Expected” (May 24, 2002);
Washington Post (May 24, 2002).
60 Senate Amendment 3433 to H.R. 3009, introduced by Sen. Rockefeller and others,
Congressional Record, (May 16, 2002) S4505-6; (May 21, 2002) S4581-91; Roll Call Daily,
May 21, 2002; Inside U.S. Trade, “Steel TPA Amendment Fails on Procedure, Withdrawn
(continued...)

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CRS-17
Meanwhile, the House acted on this issue in a more limited way, when it
combined the various parts of the trade bill into a single legislative vehicle, to
facilitate the conference with the Senate on H.R. 3009. The consolidated House
version of H.R. 3009, which passed by a single vote on June 26, 2002, specifically
added “a 60% health insurance tax credit on a permanent basis to Pension Benefits
Guarantee Corporation beneficiaries, including firms from airline and steel
industries” (emphasis added).61 In the final House-Senate compromise, as approved
on July 27 in the House and August 1 in the Senate, the level of the tax credit was
raised to 65%.62 This provision would automatically extend the same health care
coverage that is received by beneficiaries of the expanded TAA benefits in H.R.
3009 to all retirees 55 or over (or their beneficiaries), who are not already eligible
for Medicare and whose pension benefits are transferred to PBGC following the
liquidation of their corporate pension.63 President Bush signed H.R. 3009 into law
as P.L. 107-210 on August 6, 2002.
In essence, LTV and other steel industry retirees not covered by Medicare, who
have lost or would lose their health insurance following a corporate bankruptcy, will
receive federal assistance, through partial subsidization of their health care costs
either in successor private plans or the new statewide pools that may be created
under TAA. All Medicare-eligible retirees, however, will lose “Medicare-plus”
benefits, such as prescription drug coverage, that their steel company plans might
have included. Moreover, the bill does nothing to alleviate the legacy cost problems
of steel companies still operating, since retirees may only qualify for the benefit
through their receipt of benefits from PBGC.
60 (...continued)
by Sponsors” (May 21, 2002).
61 H. Rept. 107-518, p. 2.
62 H.R. 3009, Sec. 201, as passed by the House on July 27, 2002.
63 A comparison of the TAA provisions in the H.R. 3009 conference report with the Senate-
passed bill is in Inside US Trade, “Conference Report Improves TAA Benefits, But Cuts
Back from Senate Version” (July 31, 2002). See especially the attached “Trade Adjustment
Assistance Report Card” by Howard Rosen, one of the key participants in the process, on
behalf of the “Coalition to Reform TAA.”

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