Order Code RL30545
Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Trafficking in Women and Children:
The U.S. and International Response
Updated July 22, 2002
Francis T. Miko
Specialist in International Relations
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Grace (Jea-Hyun) Park
Research Associate
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Trafficking in Women and Children:
The U.S. and International Response
Summary
The trafficking in people for prostitution and forced labor is one of the fastest
growing areas of international criminal activity and one that is of increasing concern
to the United States and the international community. The overwhelming majority
of those trafficked are women and children. Between 700,000 and 4 million people
are believed to be trafficked each year worldwide; some 50,000 to the United States.
Trafficking is now considered the third largest source of profits for organized crime,
behind only drugs and weapons, generating billions of dollars annually.
Trafficking affects virtually every country in the world. The largest number of
victims come from Asia, with over 225,000 victims each year from Southeast Asia
and over 150,000 from South Asia. The former Soviet Union is now believed to be
the largest new source of trafficking for prostitution and the sex industry, with over
100,000 trafficked each year from that region. An additional 75,000 or more are
trafficked from Central and Eastern Europe. Over 100,000 come from Latin America
and the Caribbean, and over 50,000 victims are from Africa. Most of the victims are
sent to Asia, the Middle East, Western Europe and North America.
In 1998, the Clinton Administration and the 106th Congress launched a
government-wide anti-trafficking strategy of (1) prevention, (2) protection and
support for victims, and (3) prosecution of traffickers. It led to enactment of the
Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-386).
The Bush administration and the 107th Congress have continued to give priority
to the trafficking problem focus attention on the problem. The State Department
issued its second Congressionally mandated report on worldwide trafficking in June
2002. It categorized countries according to the efforts they were making to combat
trafficking. Those countries that do not cooperate in the fight against trafficking
could face U.S. sanctions, starting in 2003. In the 107th Congress, H.R. 2506, the
Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations
Act of 2002
includes at least $30 million to fight trafficking and assist victims.
The United States and other countries have also initiated bilateral and
multilateral programs and initiatives to combat trafficking. The United States is
working with the European Union, the Group of Eight, the United Nations, the
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and a number of
individual countries to combat trafficking in women and children. In 2000, the U.N.
General Assembly adopted the Convention on Transnational Crime, including a
Protocol on Trafficking. A Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on
Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography was signed by the United
States July 2000.

Contents
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Scope of the Problem Worldwide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Causes of Rise in Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Traffickers and Their Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Regional Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Asia and the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Latin America and the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Trafficking in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
U.S. Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The Clinton Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The Bush Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The International Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Congressional Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Current Trafficking Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
List of Tables
Table 1. Authorizations, Appropriations, and Administration Allocations
to Implement the Victims of Trafficking Act, P.L. 106-386, Part A . . . . . . 20

Trafficking in Women and Children:
The U.S. and International Response
Definition
The U.S. Government definition of trafficking in persons encompasses: “All
acts involved in the transport, harboring, or sale of persons within national or across
international borders through coercion, force, kidnaping, deception or fraud, for
purposes of placing persons in situations of forced labor or services, such as forced
prostitution, domestic servitude, debt bondage or other slavery-like practices.”1
Others have put forward slightly different definitions.2 In the case of minors, there
is general agreement in the United States and much of the international community
that the trafficking term applies whether a child was taken forcibly or voluntarily.
Trafficking is distinguished from alien smuggling which involves the provision of
a service, albeit illegal, to people who knowingly buy the service in order to get into
a foreign country.
Scope of the Problem Worldwide
Trafficking in people, especially women and children, for prostitution and
forced labor is one of the fastest growing areas of international criminal activity and
one that is of increasing concern to the U.S. Administration, Congress, and the
international community. Although men are also victimized, the overwhelming
majority of those trafficked are women and children. According to U.S. Government
estimates, at least 700,000 people are trafficked each year worldwide for forced labor,
domestic servitude, or sexual exploitation. Citing International Organization on
Migration data, U.S. officials say the actual figure could be as high as 4 million.3 An
estimated 50,000 people are trafficked each year to the United States. Trafficking
is now considered the third largest source of profits for organized crime, behind only
drugs and guns, generating billions of dollars annually.
1 [http://secretary.state.gov/www/picw/trafficking].
2 Some religious groups, as well as feminist organizations, have campaigned to broaden the
definition of trafficking to include all forms of prostitution, whether forced or voluntary, on
grounds that prostitution is never truly voluntary and that traffickers will simply force their
victims to claim to be acting voluntarily. However, others have rejected this broadened
definition, arguing that it would impede the capacity of the international community to
achieve consensus and act decisively against major traffickers.
3 U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2002.
[http://www.state.gov/g/inl/rls/tiprpt]

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Trafficking is a problem that affects virtually every country in the world.
Generally, the flow of trafficking is from less developed countries to industrialized
nations, including the United States, or toward neighboring countries with marginally
higher standards of living. Since trafficking is an underground criminal enterprise,
there are no precise statistics on the extent of the problem and estimates are
unreliable. But even using conservative estimates, the scope of the problem is
enormous, involving between 700,000 and 4 million victims per year. The largest
number of victims trafficked internationally still come from Asia, with over 225,000
victims each year believed to be coming from Southeast Asia and over 150,000 from
South Asia. The former Soviet Union is now believed to be the largest new source
of trafficking for prostitution and the sex industry, with over 100,000 trafficked each
year from that region. An additional 75,000 or more are trafficked from Eastern
Europe. Over 100,000 come from Latin America and the Caribbean, and over 50,000
victims are from Africa. Most of the victims are sent to Asia, the Middle East,
Western Europe and North America. They usually end up in large cities, vacation
and tourist areas, or near military bases, where the demand is highest.4
Causes of Rise in Trafficking
The reasons for the increase in trafficking are many. In general, the criminal
business feeds on poverty, despair, war, crisis, and ignorance. The globalization of
the world economy has increased the movement of people across borders, legally and
illegally, especially from poorer to wealthier countries. International organized
crime has taken advantage of the freer flow of people, money, goods and services to
extend its own international reach.

Other contributing factors include:
! the continuing subordination of women in many societies, as
reflected in economic, educational, and work opportunity disparities
between men and women. Many societies still favor sons and view
girls as an economic burden. Desperate families in some of the most
impoverished countries sell their daughters to brothels or traffickers
for the immediate payoff and to avoid having to pay the dowery to
marry off daughters;
! the hardship and economic dislocations caused by the transition
following the collapse of Communism in the former Soviet Union
and Eastern Europe, as well as the wars in the former Yugoslavia.
The lack of opportunity and the eagerness for a better life abroad
have made many women and girls especially vulnerable to
entrapment by traffickers. With the weakening of law enforcement
in post-Communist societies, criminal organizations have grown and
established themselves in the lucrative business of international
trafficking;
4 These figures come from a variety of sources, cited specifically under regional trends.

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! the high demand, worldwide, for trafficked women and children for
sex tourism, sex workers, cheap sweatshop labor, and domestic
workers. Traffickers are encouraged by large tax-free profits and
continuing income from the same victims at very low risk;
! The inadequacy of laws and law enforcement in most origin, transit,
and destination countries, hampers efforts to fight trafficking. Even
in the United States, more effective legal remedies are only now
being considered. Prostitution is legal or tolerated in many
countries, and widespread in most. When authorities do crack down,
it is usually against prostitutes, themselves. Penalties for trafficking
humans for sexual exploitation are often relatively minor compared
with those for other criminal activities like drug and gun trafficking.
! The priority placed on stemming illegal immigration in many
countries, including the United States, has resulted in treatment of
trafficking cases as a problem of illegal immigration, thus treating
victims as criminals. When police raid brothels, women are often
detained and punished, subjected to human rights abuses in jail, and
swiftly deported. Few steps have been taken to provide support,
health care, and access to justice. Few victims dare testify against the
traffickers or those who hold them, fearing retribution for
themselves and their families since most governments do not offer
stays of deportation or adequate protection for witnesses.
! The disinterest and in some cases even complicity of governments
is another big problem. Many law-enforcement agencies and
governments ignore the plight of trafficking victims and downplay
the scope of the trafficking problem. In some cases, police and other
governmental authorities accept bribes and collude with traffickers
by selling fake documentation, etc.5 In addition, local police often
fear reprisals from criminal gangs so they find it easier to deny
knowledge of trafficking. Many countries have no specific laws
aimed at trafficking in humans.
Traffickers and Their Victims
Chinese, Asian, Mexican, Central American, Russian and other former Soviet
Union gangs are among the major traffickers of people. Chinese and Vietnamese
Triads, the Japanese Yakuza, South American drug cartels, the Italian mafia, and
Russian gangs increasingly interact with local networks to provide transportation,
safe houses, local contacts, and documentation.
5 For instance, according to Global Survival Network, an NGO group, Russian traffickers
can obtain false documentation in order to enable a minor to travel to destination countries
to work as a prostitute from corrupt officials in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for
approximately $800.

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Traffickers acquire their victims in a number of ways. Sometimes women are
kidnaped outright in one country and taken forcibly to another. In other cases,
victims are lured with job offers. Traffickers entice victims to migrate voluntarily
with false promises of good paying jobs in foreign countries as au pairs, models,
dancers, domestic workers, etc. Traffickers advertise these phony jobs, as well as
marriage opportunities abroad in local newspapers. Russian crime gangs reportedly
use marriage agency databases and match-making parties to find victims. In some
cases, traffickers approach women or their families directly with offers of well-
paying jobs elsewhere. After providing transportation and false documents to get
victims to their destination, they subsequently charge exorbitant fees for those
services, creating life-time debt bondage.
While there is no single victim stereotype, a majority of trafficked women are
under the age of 25, with many in their mid to late teens. The fear among customers
of infection with HIV and AIDS has driven traffickers to recruit younger women and
girls, some as young as seven, erroneously perceived by customers to be too young
to have been infected.
Trafficking victims are often subjected to cruel mental and physical abuse in
order to keep them in servitude, including beating, rape, starvation, forced drug use,
confinement, and seclusion. Once victims are brought into destination countries, their
passports are often confiscated. Victims are forced to have sex, often unprotected,
with large numbers of partners, and to work unsustainably long hours. Many victims
suffer mental break-downs and are exposed to sexually-transmitted diseases,
including HIV and AIDS. They are often denied medical care and those who become
sick are sometimes even killed.
Regional Trends6
Asia and the Pacific. An estimated 225,000 victims are trafficked from
Southeast Asia annually according to the U.S. Department of State. The growth of
sex tourism in this region is one of the main contributing factors. Large-scale child
prostitution occurs in many countries. Thailand, Cambodia, and the Philippines are
popular travel destinations for “sex tourists”, including pedophiles, from Europe,
North America, Japan, and Australia.
Japan is the largest market for Asian women trafficked for sex, where some
150,000 non-Japanese women are involved. Half are from the Philippines and 40%
are from Thailand.7 Victims are also trafficked in increasing numbers to newly
industrializing countries and regions, including Taiwan, Malaysia, Hong-Kong, and
Thailand. Cross-border trafficking is prevalent in the Mekong region of Thailand,
Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Southern Yunan province of China.
6 The figures cited here should be viewed only as illustrative of the magnitude of the
problem. In some cases they are several years old and more up to date estimates have not
been found.
7 The Coalition against Trafficking in Women (CATW), Trafficking in Women and
Prostitution in Asia. The CATW is an international NGO.
[http://www.catwinternational.org/].

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Vietnamese women are trafficked to China and Cambodia. According to various
NGO sources, hundreds of thousands of foreign women and children have been sold
into the Thai sex industry since 1990, with most coming from Burma, Southern
China, Laos, and Vietnam. East Asia, especially Japan, is also a destination for
trafficked women from Russia and Eastern Europe.
Victims from Southeast Asia, especially China, Burma, the Philippines,
Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam, are also sent to Western Europe, the United
States, Australia, and the Middle East.
In South Asia, the U.S. Department of State estimates that some 150,000
victims are trafficked annually. The low status of women in some societies as well
as the growth of sex tourism contribute significantly to trafficking in this region. Sri
Lanka and India are the favored destinations of sex tourists from other parts of the
world. Bangladesh and Nepal, the poorest countries in the region, are the main
source countries. India and Pakistan are the key destination countries. Estimates of
the number of Nepalese girls and young women lured or abducted to India for sexual
exploitation each year ranges from 5,000 to 10,000. The total number of Nepalese
working as prostitutes in India range from 40,000 to 200,000, according to women’s
rights organization and NGOs. The total Indian prostitute population is estimated to
be over 2 million. More than 15,000 women and children are believed to be
trafficked out of Bangladesh every year. 8 Over 4,000 women and children from
Bangladesh are trafficked to Pakistan each year. In total, more than 200,000 women
are believed to have been trafficked to Pakistan. Also, according to Amnesty
International, Afghan women have been sold into prostitution in Pakistan.
Some 7,000 Nepalese women and children are trafficked for prostitution to the
Asia Pacific area, especially Hong Kong.9 A non-government source reports that
about 200,000 Bangladeshi women and children have been trafficked to the Middle
East in the last 20 years. Some 20,000 Pakistani children are said to have been
trafficked to the United Arab Emirates (UAE). India is a source, transit, and
destination country, receiving women and children from Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan,
Sri Lanka, and Pakistan and sending them to Europe and the Middle East.
Australia has been a prime source of sex tourists in Asia. The Philippines,
Thailand, South Korea, Sri Lanka and Hong Kong are some of the primary Asian
destinations for organized sex tours from Australia. Indonesia and Taiwan are
secondary destinations.10 Australians also travel to Europe and Latin America. To
counterattack this problem, Australia has been active in review and introduction of
extraterritorial legislation and public awareness campaigns aimed at travelers.11
8 Police estimates, The Hindu Online, [http://www.hinduonline.com/], February 19, 1998.
9 CATW. Trafficking in Women and Prostitution in Asia.
10 CATW -Asia Pacific, Trafficking in Women and Prostitution in the Asia Pacific.
11 World Congress Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, Regional Profiles.

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International criminal organizations traffic hundreds of Thai women yearly to
Australia.12 Australia plans to introduce tougher laws including long jail terms to
curb the increased trafficking of Asian women to Australia for prostitution.13
Europe. The former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe have
replaced Asia as the main source of trafficked women to Western Europe. Victims
come from Russia, Ukraine, and other East European countries. With the economic
and political turmoil after the collapse of the Soviet Union, trafficking from the
region has escalated from a minor problem before 1991 into a major crisis. As
criminal organizations have grown, especially in Russia, they have gravitated to this
lucrative business. Russian organizations now play a dominant role not just in the
trafficking of Russian women but also women from throughout Eastern Europe.
Russian organized crime groups and others including Albanian, Estonian, Chechen,
Serb, and Italian groups are involved in human trafficking in Europe. Furthermore,
Russian organized crime is starting to take over the sex industry in a number of West
European countries. Russian criminal groups reportedly are also gaining control of
prostitution in Israel, and parts of the United States.14
The largest number of the more than 175,000 victims trafficked annually from
the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe come from Russia and Ukraine. In
addition, several Central and East European countries are reported to be source,
receiving, and transit countries. The conflicts in Bosnia and Kosovo provided new
opportunities for traffickers in the former Yugoslavia and the Balkans. Recently,
traffickers have targeted refugee women who fled Kosovo. According to the
Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, Albanian traffickers have
smuggled thousands of Kosovo women into Italy by boat for the sex trade.
An estimated 70% of Russian and East European victims are believed to be sent
to West European countries (especially Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland, the
Netherlands, Greece, Austria, England). Another 15% are sent to the Middle East
(especially Israel and Saudi Arabia) and the Far East (especially Japan and Thailand).
About 5,000 or 3% are thought to be sent to the United States or Canada. The
remainder are sent to Central European countries, especially Poland, Hungary, the
Czech Republic.15
Western European countries are also destination points for victims from other
parts of the world, including Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Morocco), Latin America
(Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic), Southeast Asia (the Philippines,
Thailand).16
12 CATW - Asia Pacific, Trafficking in Women and Prostitution in the Asia Pacific,
Gabriela, Statistics and the State of the Philippines, July 24, 1997.
13 Maria Moscaritolo, “Australia takes aim at Asian sex slave trade,” Reuters, May 26, 1998.
14 Global Survival Network. An Expose of the Traffic in Women for Prostitution from the
Newly Independent States. Washington, D.C., 1998, p. 5-10.
15 Ibid.
16 Europe national data, “Trafficking of Women to the European Union: Characteristics,
(continued...)

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Middle East. The sexual exploitation of women and children in the Middle
East tends to involve the import of women from other regions. The exploitation of
Middle Eastern women tends to have less of a commercial dimension.17
Women and children, mostly from Asia (Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia),
are trafficked as prostitutes or brides to the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, The United
Arab Emirates). Women from the former Soviet Republics are sent to Israel.
According to the Israel Women’s Network, every year several hundred to 2000
women from Russia and the former Soviet Union are brought to Israel by
well-organized criminal groups. Israel has no specific law against trafficking and
prostitution is not illegal.18
Latin America and the Caribbean. Estimate of the number of Latin
American and Caribbean women and children trafficked for sexual exploitation each
year is over 100,000, according to the U.S. Department of State. Impoverished
children are particularly vulnerable to trafficking for prostitution. The Organization
of American States estimates that more than 2 million children are being sexually
exploited in Latin America.
The presence of sex tourism from Europe, North America, and Australia has
significantly contributed to the trafficking of women and children. A growing
number of sex tourists are going to Latin America, partly as a result of recent
restrictions placed on sex tourism in Thailand, Sri Lanka, and other Asian
countries.19 Favored sex tourism destinations are Brazil, the Dominican Republic,
Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Argentina.
Brazil has one of the worst child prostitution problems in the world.20 More than
50,000 women from the Dominican Republic reportedly have been trafficked abroad.
Victims from Latin America and the Caribbean are trafficked to Western Europe
and the United States. The Central American countries and Mexico are also transit
countries for trafficking to the United States.
Africa. In Africa, over 50,000 victims are believed to be trafficked annually
according to the U.S. Department of State, although the extent of trafficking is not
well documented. Like elsewhere, poverty and the low status of women are major
contributing factors. In addition, wars and civil strife engulfing countries like Sudan
16 (...continued)
Trends and Policy Issues,” European Conference on Trafficking in Women, (June 1996),
IOM, May 7, 1996.
17 World Congress Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, Regional Profiles.
18 Michael Specter, “Traffickers’ New Cargo: Naive Slavic Women,” New York Times,
January 11, 1998.
19 Casa Alianza/Covenant House Latin America, “Casa Alianza Warns That Central America
Is New Sex Tourism Destination,” November 17, 1997.
20 Social Security Network, “Brazil spends $1.7mil on helping child prostitutes.” Reuters,
June 12, 1998.

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and Rwanda, as well as the indifference of some governments make women and
children vulnerable to trafficking.21
Trafficking in children for labor is a serious problem in Togo and Benin as well
as Botswana, Zaire, Somalia, Ethiopia, Zambia, Nigeria, Algeria. Victims are
trafficked to Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, and South Africa. Africans, especially women
from Nigeria are trafficked to Western Europe and the Middle East.
Trafficking in the United States
Some 50,000 women and children are trafficked to the United States each year,
according to the most recent Department of State estimates.22 Most come from
Southeast Asia and the former Soviet Union. About half of those are forced into
sweatshop labor and domestic servitude. The rest are forced into prostitution and the
sex industry, or in the case of young children, kidnaped and sold for adoption. While
many victims come willingly, they are not aware of the terms and conditions they
will face. Women trafficked to the United States most often wind up in the larger
cities in New York, Florida, North Carolina, California, and Hawaii.23 But the
problem is also migrating to smaller cities and suburbs. Russian crime groups are
said to be actively involved in trafficking and the sex industry in the United States.
The United States is also the major destination country for young children
kidnaped and trafficked for adoption by childless couples unwilling to wait for a
child through legitimate adoption procedures and agencies. The largest source
country is Mexico. Mexican children over twelve years of age are kidnaped and
trafficked to the United States for child prostitution.
American men, along with Europeans and Australians, are reportedly the most
numerous sex tourists in Central America (Costa Rica, Honduras), South East Asia
(The Philippines, Thailand), and South Asia (India, Sri Lanka). Many companies
operating in a number of large cities reportedly specialize in sex tours.
As in many countries, existing U.S. laws are widely believed to be inadequate
to deal with trafficking in women and children. Nor are there thought to be adequate
laws and services to protect and assist victims.
U.S. Policy
The Clinton Administration. The trafficking issue has been gaining
attention in the United States and worldwide since the late 1990s. The problem was
21 John Eibner of Christian Solidarity International, Karin Davies, “Slavic Trade Thrives in
Sudan,” Associated Press, February 7, 1998.
22 Testimony of Frank E. Loy, Undersecretary of State for Global Affairs, before the
Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, February 22, 2000.
23 U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Consular Affairs, Fraud Digest,
November/December, 1997.

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addressed as a priority by the Clinton Administration and the 106th Congress. As part
of former President Clinton’s announced International Crime Control Strategy, an
interagency working group was set up to address international crime implications of
trafficking. On March 11, 1998, President Clinton issued a directive establishing a
U.S. government-wide anti-trafficking strategy of (1) prevention, (2) protection and
support for victims, and (3) prosecution of traffickers. The strategy, as announced,
had strong domestic and international policy components:
! In the area of prevention, the Administration outlined the need for
programs to increase economic opportunities for potential victims
and dissemination of information in other countries to increase
public awareness of trafficking dangers and funding for more
research on trafficking.
! In terms of victim protection and assistance, the Administration
argued for legislation to provide shelter and the support services to
victims who are in the country unlawfully and therefore presently
ineligible for assistance. It pressed for creation of a humanitarian,
non-immigrant visa classification to allow victims to receive
temporary resident status so that they could receive assistance and
help to prosecute traffickers. Also, support was sought for
developing countries to protect and reintegrate trafficking victims
once they were returned.
! As far as prosecution and enforcement, the Administration pressed
for laws to more effectively go after traffickers and increase the
penalties they can face. In addition, restitution for trafficked victims
was sought in part by creating the possibility of bringing private civil
lawsuits against traffickers. The Department of Justice called for
laws that would expand the definition of involuntary servitude,
criminalize a broader range of actions constituting involuntary
servitude, and increase the penalties for placing people in
involuntary servitude. Justice Department spokesmen also urged
that prosecutors be give the capability to go after those who profit
from trafficking, not just those directly involved in trafficking.24
They also called for amending immigration statutes to punish
traffickers who entrap victims by taking their passports and
identification from them.
On the domestic side, a Workers’ Exploitation Task Force, chaired by the
Department of Justice’s Civil Rights Division and the Solicitor’s Office in the
Department of Labor, was charged with investigating and prosecuting cases of
exploitation and trafficking. In addition, the Department of Justice reviewed existing
24 Testimony of William R. Yeomans, Chief of Staff of the Civil Rights Division,
Department of Justice, before the Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs,
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, April 4, 2000.

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U.S. criminal laws and their use to see if they adequately dealt with the crime of
trafficking.
The Department of State funded the creation of a database on U.S. and
international legislation on trafficking.
An Interagency Council on Women formed
by the Clinton Administration established a senior governmental working group on
trafficking. The Council sponsored a meeting of governmental and non-government
representatives from source countries, transit countries, and international
organizations to call attention to the trafficking issue and to develop strategies for
combating this problem. The Clinton Administration worked with Congress on what
it considered urgently needed legislation to strengthen the tools available to fight
trafficking at home and abroad. In particular, the Administration argued for
legislation building on its framework of “prevention, protection, and prosecution” to
strengthen tools available for the fight and to help advance the U.S. agenda on
trafficking in other countries. The Administration also urged the enactment of
legislation to encourage and support strong action by foreign governments and help
the work of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in this area.
The Bush Administration. The Bush Administration and the 107th
Congress have continued the anti-trafficking effort with strong bipartisan support.
Attorney General John Ashcroft announced in March 2001 that the fight against
trafficking would be a top priority for the Administration and that U.S. law
enforcement agencies, including the FBI, the Immigration and Naturalization Service,
and the Justice Department’s Civil Rights Division would cooperate closely to
upgrade their efforts to combat trafficking. The Justice Department also announced
new guidelines for federal prosecutors to pursue trafficking cases.25 The State
Department issued its first Congressionally mandated report on worldwide trafficking
in July 2001.26
On January 24, 2002, U.S. Attorney General announced the implementation of
a special “T” visa, as called for in P.L.106-386, for victims of trafficking in the
United States who cooperate with law enforcement officials. Under the statute,
victims who cooperate with law enforcement against their traffickers and would be
likely to suffer severe harm if returned to their home countries may be granted
permission to stay in the United States. After three years in T status, the victims are
eligible to apply for permanent residency and for non-immigrant status for their
spouses and children.27
On February 13, 2002, President Bush signed an Executive Order establishing
an Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. The Task
Force, mandated by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (P.L.106-386),
includes the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Labor, the
25 Attorney General John Ashcroft’s news conference on March 27, 2001. See
[http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/speeches/2001/032701workerexploitation.htm].
26
27 U.S. Department of State. International Information Programs. Washington File, January
24, 2002. (Website http://usinfo.state.gov)

CRS-11
Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Director of the Central Intelligence
Agency, the Administrator of the Agency for International Development, the Director
of the Office of Management and Budget, and the National Security Advisor. The
Task Force is charged with strengthening coordination among key agencies. It is to
identify what more needs to be done to protect potential victims, to punish
traffickers, and to prevent future trafficking. According to Secretary of State Powell,
the United States would work closely with other governments, non-governmental
organizations and concerned people throughout the world to put an end to trafficking.
The State Department Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Person was
tasked with assisting the Interagency Task Force in implementing P.L. 106-386 and
Task Force initiatives.
In addition to announcing the establishment of the Interagency Task Force, the
State Department issued a fact sheet on February 14, 2002, detailing planned U.S.
activities to stop trafficking in persons.28 The Departments of State and Justice were
to establish a Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons Center to gather and
disseminate information from intelligence and law enforcement. USAID was
charged with developing partnerships between source and destination countries to
combat trafficking. The Department of Justice was to institute training programs for
federal prosecutors, Immigration and Naturalization Service personnel, and FBI
agents in 2002. The Department of Justice announced that it would seek sponsors in
Congress for legislation to punish Americans engaging in “sex tourism” abroad with
minors. The Department of Labor was to establish six training and support centers
for women victims or at risk of trafficking in major cities of Central and Eastern
Europe and the Newly Independent States. The Department of Health and Human
Services was to launch a public awareness campaign to encourage trafficking victims
to come forward.
In June, 2002, the State Department issued its second Annual Trafficking in
Persons Report, mandated by Congress under P.L.106-386.29 At their press
conference releasing the report, Secretary of State Colin Powell and the Director of
the Office to Combat Terrorism, Nancy Ely-Raphel, indicated that 14 countries had
strengthened their response to trafficking to the point of being moved up a group
from the previous year’s ranking. In particular, they praised the progress made by
South Korea, Romania, and Israel, since the first annual report.
The report rates 89 countries according to whether they meet “minimum
standards” with regard to their anti-trafficking commitment and policies.
Governments meeting “minimum standards” are defined in the Trafficking and
Violence Protection Act of 2000
(P.L.106-386) as those that: (1) prohibit trafficking
and punish acts of trafficking; (2) prescribe punishment commensurate with that for
grave crimes, such as forcible sexual assault, for the knowing commission of
trafficking in some of its most reprehensible forms (trafficking for sexual purposes,
trafficking involving rape or kidnaping, or trafficking that causes a death); (3)
prescribe punishment that is sufficiently stringent to deter, and that adequately
28 U.S. Department of State. International Information Programs. Washington File, February
14, 2002. (Website http://usinfo.state.gov)
29 See [http://www.state.gov/g/inl/rls/tiprpt/2002].

CRS-12
reflects the offense’s heinous nature; and (4) make serious and sustained efforts to
eliminate trafficking.30
Countries are ranked in three groups or tiers. Countries not listed either are not
seen as having a significant trafficking problem as source, transit, or destination
countries or there is insufficient information about their role.
Tier I is made up of countries deemed by the State Department to have a serious
trafficking problem but fully complying with the Act’s minimum standards for the
elimination of trafficking.
(Included are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, France,
Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Lithuania, Macedonia, The Netherlands, Poland,
Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom)

Tier 2 countries are those whose governments the State Department views as
not fully complying with those standards but making “significant efforts to bring
themselves into compliance.”
(They include Albania, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso,
Cameroon, China, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Dominican Republic, El Salvador,
Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Georgia, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,
Hungary, India, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Laos, Latvia, Malaysia, Mali, Mexico,
Moldova, Morocco, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Romania, Senegal, Sierra
Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,
Uganda, Ukraine, Vietnam, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)

Tier 3 are those countries whose governments the State Department deems as
not fully complying with those standards and not making significant efforts to do so.
(They include Afghanistan, Armenia, Bahrain, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Burma,
Cambodia, Greece, Indonesia, Iran, Kyrgyz Republic, Lebanon, Qatar, Russia, Saudi
Arabia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates.

30 The Act also established criteria that should be considered as evidence of serious and
sustained efforts to eliminate trafficking: These are whether a government (1) vigorously
investigates and prosecutes acts of trafficking within its territory; (2) protects victims of
trafficking, encourages victims’ assistance in investigation and prosecution, provides victims
with legal alternatives to their removal to countries where they would face retribution or
hardship, and ensures that victims are not inappropriately penalized solely for unlawful acts
as a direct result of being trafficked; (3) has adopted measures, such as public education, to
prevent trafficking; (4) cooperates with other governments in investigating and prosecuting
trafficking; (5) extradites persons charged with trafficking; (6) monitors immigration and
emigration patterns for evidence of trafficking, and responds appropriately; and (7)
vigorously investigates and prosecutes public officials who participate in trafficking, and
takes all appropriate measures against such officials who condone trafficking.
The Act also spells out three factors that the Department is to consider in determining
whether a country is making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with these
minimum standards. These considerations are: (1) the extent of trafficking in the country;
( 2) the extent of governmental noncompliance with the minimum standards, particularly the
extent to which government officials have been complicit in trafficking; and (3) what
measures are reasonable to bring the government into compliance with the minimum
standards in light of the government’s resources and capabilities.

CRS-13
P.L. 106-386 makes countries listed in Tier 3 (beginning with the 2003 State
Department report) subject to sanctions, including termination of non-humanitarian,
non-trade-related assistance and loss of U.S. support for assistance (except for
humanitarian, trade-related, and certain development-related assistance) from
international financial institutions, specifically the International Monetary Fund and
multilateral development banks such as the World Bank. Sanctions may be waived
by the President based on national interest.
The rankings are not without controversy. At present, several major U.S. allies
and partners are on the Tier 3 list. Russia sharply condemned its placement among
the worst offenders. Both Greece and Turkey rejected the findings of the report,
suggesting that it had not taken account of major steps they had taken. Human
Rights Watch criticized the State Department for giving certain countries too much
credit, in particular claiming that both Japan and Pakistan should be in Tier 3.
The International Response
The United States and other countries are also pursuing a number of bilateral
and multilateral programs and initiatives to combat trafficking. The steps taken by
the United States internationally include the following:
! The Departments of State and Justice are training foreign law
enforcement and immigration officers to better identify and crack-
down on traffickers and their victims at the border.
! U.S. embassies and consulates worldwide are working with other
countries to stop international trafficking in women and children.
The United States has expanded its program to heighten public
awareness about trafficking in source countries, targeting the
messages to potential victims.
! The United States is also working with the European Union, the
Group of Eight, the United Nations, and the Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The United States is
supporting some 110 programs in 50 countries to combat
trafficking.31
The United States and the European Union agreed on a joint initiative to
combat trafficking in November 1997.32 U.S. and EU officials met in Luxembourg
to launch a jointly funded initiative against trafficking in women from Russia and
Eastern Europe. It is primarily an information campaign, warning potential victims
and an education program for law enforcement, customs and consular officials to
heighten their awareness of the problem. Pilot projects were launched in Poland by
the EU and in Ukraine by the United States. If successful, the program could be
expanded to other countries. The United States has initiated bilateral cooperation
31 See [http://www.state.gov/g/inl/rls/tiprpt/2002].
32 Fact Sheet: US-EU Initiative to Prevent Trafficking in Women. USIS Washington File,
December 5, 1997.

CRS-14
programs in Russia, other former Soviet Republics, Bosnia, Albania, Poland,
Bulgaria, Hungary, Thailand and the Philippines to fight trafficking.
At the OSCE Summit Meeting in Istanbul in November 1999, leaders of the 55
OSCE member states from Europe, Central Asia, and North America, agreed to make
combating trafficking in the OSCE area (where some 200,000 people are trafficked
annually) a priority issue. A follow up meeting on trafficking was held in Vienna on
June 19, 2000. The participating states agreed on steps to increase their efforts and
better coordinate actions to fight the problem. The OSCE sponsored conference in
Bangkok in June 2002 to deal with the trafficking issues. Speaking at the conference,
Helga Konrad who heads the OSCE task force on human trafficking said that the
approach taken to date to fighting trafficking has failed. She argued that closer
collaboration between source and destination countries was vital.33
The international community began meeting in 1999 to draft a Protocol to
Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and
Children in conjunction with the U.N. Convention Against Transnational Organized
Crime. The United States, along with Argentina, introduced the draft protocol in
January 1999. Negotiations were concluded in 2000 on a revised draft. On
November 15, 2000, the U.N. General Assembly adopted the Convention on
Transnational Crime, including the Protocol on Trafficking. The Convention and
Protocols formally signed in Palermo, Italy, in December 2000, were designed to
enable countries to work together more closely against criminals engaged in cross-
border crimes.
The United States is party to two other international agreements that have been
adopted to address aspects of trafficking in children. The International Labor
Organization (ILO) Convention 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate
Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor was ratified by United
States in December 1999.34 The Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the
Child on Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography was signed by
the United States July 2000.35 As of January, 2002, the Protocol had been put in
forces, signed by 88 countries and ratified by 16.
The Organization of American States (OAS) has also placed the issue of
trafficking on its agenda. In November 2002, its Inter-American Commission on
Women is scheduled to meet in Washington to discuss trafficking in the Americas.

Congressional Action
The 106th Congress took several legislative initiatives on the issue of trafficking
in persons for sexual and other exploitation. The focus of bills paralleled the Clinton
Administration’s framework of “prevention, protection, and prosecution. However,
some of the congressional initiatives went beyond Clinton Administration
33 Agence France-Presse, June 20, 2002.
34 See [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/about/factsheet/facts23.htm].
35 See [http://www.unicef.org/crc/crc.htm].

CRS-15
recommendations in several areas, especially in calling for actions against
governments that tolerate trafficking. Several bills on trafficking were introduced in
the House and Senate in 1999 and 2000.36 H.R. 3244, was introduced by Rep.
Christopher Smith (R-NJ) on November 8, 1999. A similar bill was sponsored in the
Senate by Sam Brownback (R-KS). In conference, the bill was combined with the
Violence against Women Act of 2000 and repackaged as the Victims of Trafficking
and Violence Protection Act of 2000
, along with miscellaneous anti-crime and anti-
terrorism provisions. President Clinton signed the bill into law on October 28, 2001
(P.L.106-386).
Among its key provisions, P.L.106-386:
! Directed the Secretary of State to provide an annual report by June
1, listing countries that do and do not comply with minimum
standards for the elimination of trafficking and to provide in his
annual report on human rights information on a country-by-country
basis describing the nature and extent of severe forms of trafficking
in persons in each country and an assessment of the efforts by
governments to combat trafficking;
! Called for establishing an Interagency Task Force to Monitor and
Combat Trafficking, chaired by the Secretary of State, and
authorized the Secretary to establish within the Department of State
an Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking to assist the Task
Force;
! Called for measures to enhance economic opportunity for potential
victims of trafficking as a method to deter trafficking, to increase
public awareness, particularly among potential victims, of the
dangers of trafficking and the protections that are available for
victims, and for the government to work with NGOs to combat
trafficking;
! Established programs and initiatives in foreign countries to assist in
the safe integration, reintegration, or resettlement of victims of
trafficking and their children, as well as programs to provide
36 On March 11, 1999, S. 600 was introduced by Senator Paul Wellstone (D-Minn.) and
referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. An identical bill, H.R. 1238, was
introduced in the House by Representative Louise Slaughter (D-N.Y.) The bills were
entitled the International Trafficking of Women and Children Victim Protection Act of
1999. Subsequently, H.R. 1356 was introduced in the House by Representative Christopher
Smith (R-N.J.) on March 25, 1999 and referred to several Committees. It was titled the
Freedom From Sexual Trafficking Act of 1999.
On October 27, 1999, Rep. Sam Gejdenson (D-CT ) introduced H.R. 3154, the
“Comprehensive Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 1999.” Senator Paul D. Wellstone
introduced an identical bill in the Senate, S. 1842. These bills had the support of the
Clinton Administration as being in line with its own approach.

CRS-16
assistance to victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons within
the United States, without regard to such victims’ immigration status
and to make such victims eligible, without regard to their
immigration status, for any benefits that are otherwise available
under the Crime Victims Fund;
! Provided protection and assistance for victims of severe forms of
trafficking while in the United States;
! Amended the code to make funds derived from the sale of assets
seized from and forfeited by trafficking available for victims
assistance programs under this Act;
! Amended the Immigration and Nationality Act to allow the Attorney
General to grant up to 5000 non-immigrant visas per year to certain
victims of severe forms of trafficking who are in the United States
and who would face a significant possibility of retribution or other
harm if they were removed from the United States. In addition,
amended the Act to adjust to lawful permanent resident the status
of up to 5000 victims per year who have been in the United States
continuously for three years since admission, who have remained of
good moral character, who have not unreasonably refused to assist
in trafficking investigations or prosecutions, and who would face a
significant possibility of retribution or other harm if removed from
the United States;
! Established minimum standards applicable to countries that have a
significant trafficking problem. Urged such countries to prohibit
severe forms of trafficking in persons, to punish such acts, and to
make serious and sustained efforts to eliminate such trafficking;
! Provided for assistance to foreign countries for programs and
activities designed to meet the minimum international standards for
the elimination of trafficking;
! Withheld U.S. non-humanitarian assistance and instructed the U.S.
executive director of each multilateral development bank and the
International Monetary Fund to vote against non-humanitarian
assistance to such countries that do not meet minimum standards
against trafficking and are not making efforts to meet minimum
standards, unless continued assistance is deemed to be in the U.S.
national interest;
! Encouraged the President to compile and publish a list of foreign
persons who play a significant role in a severe form of trafficking in
persons. Also encouraged the President to impose sanctions under
the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, including the
freezing of assets located in the United States, and to exclude
significant traffickers, and those who knowingly assist them, from
entry into the United States; and

CRS-17
! Amended the U.S. Code to double the current maximum penalties
for peonage, enticement into slavery, and sale into involuntary
servitude from 10 years to 20 years imprisonment and to add the
possibility of life imprisonment for such violations resulting in death
or involving kidnaping, aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to
kill.
In the 107th Congress, the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and
Related Programs Appropriations Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-115; H.R. 2506).
included at least $30 million to fight trafficking and assist victims drawn from six
different accounts. Under SEC. 584, Funding for Trafficking Victims Protection Act
of 2000, the House directed that of the amounts made available for development
assistance, the Economic Support Fund, assistance for Eastern Europe and the Baltic
states, assistance for the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union, International
Narcotics control and law enforcement, and Migration and refugee assistance: (1)
$10,000,000 for prevention of trafficking in persons, as authorized by section 106 of
the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (division A of P.L. 106-386); (2)
$10,000,000 for the protection and assistance for victims of trafficking of persons,
as authorized by section 107(a) of such Act; and $10,000,000 to assist foreign
countries to meet minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, as authorized
by section 134 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.
On April 17, 2002, H.R. 4477, The Sex Tourism Prohibition Improvement
Act was introduced in the House by Rep. James F Sensenbrenner (R-WI). The bill
aims to curb “sex tourism” by Americans to foreign countries for purpose of
engaging in sex acts, especially with minors, that would be illegal in the United
States. The bill provides stiff penalties for those who participate in or organize such
tours. H.R. 4477 was passed by the House on June 26, 2002, and sent to the Senate.
Current Trafficking Issues
A broad consensus seems to be shared in Congress and the policy community
on the need for decisive action to curb trafficking. And the general framework of
“prevention, protection, and prosecution” also has widespread support. Differences
are still apparent over some of the details.
How will the war on terrorism and the emphasis on homeland security
affect the efforts to combat human trafficking? After the terrorist attacks on the
United States on September 11, 2001, there was some concern among those
advocating strong policies counter human trafficking that momentum might be lost.
The cost of homeland security and the war on terrorism could affect funding levels
for many programs including those aimed at stopping trafficking. However,
Administration and Congressional attention seem to have been refocused on the
trafficking problem in early 2002.
Should sanctions against foreign governments be used as a policy
instrument to combat trafficking? Most agree that extensive international
cooperation will be needed to stop international trafficking and that both “carrots”

CRS-18
and “sticks” may be needed to encourage other governments, including assisting
governments in their efforts to curb trafficking. The Clinton Administration argued
that sanctions are unnecessary and counterproductive since very few, if any,
governments favor or support trafficking. Instead, it was argued, the focus should be
on cooperation. P.L. 106-386 calls for sanctions against those countries that not only
do not meet minimum standards against trafficking but that also are making no
efforts to meet minimum standards. It gave the President broad waiver authority. In
the Bush Administration, Secretary of State Powell has expressed concern in general
that sanctions are an overused policy tool. How this view will influence current
Administration policy on trafficking is not clear. The debate over this issue may
intensify following the issuance of the first State Department Annual Report on
Trafficking. The tier 3 list of non-cooperating countries includes a number of key
U.S. allies and countries which are some of the largest recipients of U.S. assistance.
In the “war on terrorism” announced by President Bush in September, 2001, the
United States is depending on critical assistance from non-traditional allies which
may not be seen as doing enough in the area of trafficking but have become critical
coalition partners. However, the sanctions will not go into effect until 2003 by
which time the rankings could change.
Who is eligible for protection as a victim of trafficking? Should protection
be limited to victims of “severe forms of trafficking”37 and require that victims prove
that they are in the United States as a direct result of trafficking and that they have
a well-founded fear of retribution if they are returned to their country of origin?
Critics argue that the line between pure victims and those who have a degree of
complicity in being brought to the United States may be difficult to draw. Such
distinctions, they argue, will leave some victims unprotected. P.L. 106-386 gives the
executive branch some discretion in determining who qualifies.
More broadly, differing perspectives on what constitutes trafficking could make
international cooperation more difficult. In the United States, some politicians,
religious groups, as well as feminist and other organizations, have campaigned to
broaden the definition of trafficking to include all prostitution, whether forced or
voluntary, with the argument that no one really wants to be a prostitute, that
prostitutes are always victims, and that traffickers will simply force their victims to
claim to be acting voluntarily. However, a number of countries including some
western democracies with otherwise strong human rights records have legal and
regulated prostitution, believing that the “world’s oldest profession” cannot be
stamped out and that a carefully regulated sex industry is the best protection for those
involved from becoming victims of trafficking abuse.
Should there be ceilings on the number of victims of trafficking receive
special visa status and eventual eligibility for permanent residency? P.L. 106-
37 Severe forms of trafficking is defined in Section 3 of the bill as “sex trafficking in which
either a commercial sex act or any act or event contributing to such act is effected or
induced by force, coercion, fraud or deception or in which the person induced to perform
such acts has not attained the age of 18,” as well as “the purchase, sale, recruitment or
harboring, transportation, transfer or receipt for the purpose of subjection to involuntary
servitude....effected by force, coercion, fraud, or deception.”

CRS-19
386, implemented in January 2001, grants special visa status to up to 5,000 victims
per year. Proponents believe that this is one of the most important steps to free
victims from their bondage. Some critics fear that such an exception from general
immigration rules will set a precedent for other categories of people who are in the
country illegally but believe they have been the victims of mistreatment. Others see
the 5,000 ceiling on visas as being arbitrarily restrictive. Controversy also exists over
what U.S. social benefits should be made available to victims of trafficking, given
the precedents that might be set.

CRS-20
Table 1. Authorizations, Appropriations, and Administration Allocations to Implement the
Victims of Trafficking Act, P.L. 106-386, Part A
FY2001 Appropriation/
FY2002 Appropriation/
FY2003
P.L.106-386:A- Authorizations for FY2001-FY2002
Admin. Allocation
Admin. Allocation
Budget Request
(a) To Support Interagency Task Force in carrying out:
Appropriation:
Appropriation:
Admin. Request:
Sec. 104. Addition of Trafficking to State Dept. Human Rights Report.
No earmark or mention in
No earmark or mention in
$3,592,000 within
Sec. 105. Establishment of an Interagency Task force and State Dept.
Statement of Managers
Statement of Managers
State Department’s
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking.
Diplomatic &
Sec. 110. Preparation of annual report and country list regarding
Admin. Allocation:
Admin. Allocation:
Consular
severe forms of trafficking.
Small amount to prepare
$3,515,000 estimate within
Programs.1
human rights report.
State Department’s
For FY2001 For FY2002
Diplomatic & Consular
$1,500,000 $3,000,000
Programs.1
(b) To HHS for purposes of
Appropriation:
Appropriation:
Admin. Request:
Sec.107 (b). Assistance to victims of trafficking in the U.S.
HHS, Refugee and Entrant
HHS, Refugee and Entrant
$10,000,0002
Assistance:
Assistance:
For FY2001 For FY2002
Up to $5,000,000
Up to$10,000,000
$5,000,000 $10,000,000
Admin. Allocation:
Admin. Allocation:
$5,000,0002
$10,000,0002

CRS-21
FY2001 Appropriation/
FY2002 Appropriation/
FY2003
P.L.106-386:A- Authorizations for FY2001-FY2002
Admin. Allocation
Admin. Allocation
Budget Request
(c) To Secretary of State for State Dept. and USAID to carry out:
Appropriation:
Appropriation:
Admin. Request:
Sec.107(a) Assistance for Trafficking victims in other countries.
No earmark or mention in
State Intl Narcotics & Law
$10,000,0003
Statement of Managers
Enforcement (INL)
For FY2001 For FY2002
Anti-Crime Programs:
$5,000,000 $10,000,000
Not less than $10,000,000
should be available.
Admin. Allocation:
Admin. Allocation:
$3,250,0003
$7,670,0003
For voluntary contribution to OSCE for projects related to trafficking:
Appropriation:
NA
NA
No earmark or mention in
For FY2001 For FY2002
Statement of Managers.
$300,000 None
Admin. Allocation:
$150,000 from State’s
NA
Bureau for European
Affairs and $100,000 from
State’s Bureau for
Democracy, Human
Rights, and Labor for
OSCE projects.1
For preparation of additional trafficking information in State Department
Appropriation:
Appropriation:
Admin. Request:
Human Rights Report
No earmark or mention in
No earmark or mention in
Nothing identified.
Statement of Managers.
Statement of Managers.
For FY2001 For FY2002
Such sums as needed Such sums as needed
Admin. Allocation:
Admin. Allocation:

Nothing identified
Nothing identified.

CRS-22
FY2001 Appropriation/
FY2002 Appropriation/
FY2003
P.L.106-386:A- Authorizations for FY2001-FY2002
Admin. Allocation
Admin. Allocation
Budget Request
(d) To Department of Justice to carry out Sec.107 (b) Grants to states,
Appropriation:
Appropriation:
Admin. Request:
localities for protection of victims.
No earmark or mention in
State and Local Law
$04
Statement of Managers.
Enforcement Assistance,
For FY2001 For FY2002
$10,000,000
$5,000,000 $10,000,000
DOJ Civil Rights Division,
$770,000
Admin. Allocation:
Admin. Allocation:
$04
State and Local Law
Enforcement Assistance,
$10,000,0004
DOJ Civil Rights Division,
$770,0002

CRS-23
FY2001 Appropriation/
FY2002 Appropriation/
FY2003
P.L.106-386:A- Authorizations for FY2001-FY2002
Admin. Allocation
Admin. Allocation
Budget Request
(e) (1) To President to carry out Sec.106, foreign victim aid, including
Appropriation:
Appropriation:
Admin. Request:
– Enhancing economic opportunities for potential victims
USAID directed to
“Urge” State Dept. and
No amount set.
– Increasing public awareness and information
provide: Not less than
USAID to provide
– Consultation and working with NGOs
$2,500,000, of which not
$10,000,000, of which not
less than $1,500,000
less than $1,500,000
For FY2001 For FY2002
should be available from
should be available from
$5,000,000 $10,000,000
the Assistance to the
the Assistance to the
Independent States of the
Independent States of the
Former Soviet Union
Former Soviet Union
account.
account.
Admin. Allocation:
Admin. Allocation:
$6,098,000, of which
$10,000,000, of which
$3,668,000 from the
$7,000,000 from the
Development Assistance
Development Assistance
Account, $50,000 from the
account; $1,500,000 from
East European aid account,
the East European aid
and $2,380,000 from the
account; and $1,500,000
Assistance to the
from the Assistance to the
Independent States of the
Independent States of the
Former Soviet Union
Former Soviet Union
account.
account.

CRS-24
FY2001 Appropriation/
FY2002 Appropriation/
FY2003
P.L.106-386:A- Authorizations for FY2001-FY2002
Admin. Allocation
Admin. Allocation
Budget Request
(e) (2) To President to carry out Sec.109(2), assistance to governments,
Appropriation:
Appropriation:
Admin. Request:
NGOs, multilateral organizations to help countries to meet minimum
No earmark or mention in
State Dept. Diplomatic and
Information not
standards:
Statement of Managers.
Consular Programs:
available from the
– law drafting assistance
$1,800,000 for an intl
State Department
– investigation and prosecution
Admin. Allocation:
conference on human
– For facilities, programs, projects, exchanges
Information not available
rights and trafficking and
from the State Department
“encourages” up to
$200,000 for the
For FY2001 For FY2002
Globalization Research
$5,000,000 $10,000,000
Center Conference
FBI:
unspecified amount to
continue Southeast
European Cooperative
Initiative
INS:
$5,500,000 for the Eastern
Adjudication Service
Center to process
immigration self-petitions
and U and T visas.
Admin. Allocation:
Dept. of Labor:
$1,400,000 to the Intl
Research & Exchange
Board (NGO) for a 2-year
program in Eastern
Europe.5

CRS-25
FY2001 Appropriation/
FY2002 Appropriation/
FY2003
P.L.106-386:A- Authorizations for FY2001-FY2002
Admin. Allocation
Admin. Allocation
Budget Request
(f) To Department of Labor to carry out Sec.107 (b), assistance to
Appropriation:
Appropriation:
Admin. Request:
trafficking victims in U.S.
No earmark or mention in
No earmark or mention in
Information not
– Employment assistance and benefits
Statement of Managers.
Statement of Managers.
available from the
– Contribution to HHS Annual Report
Labor Department
Admin. Allocation:
Admin. Allocation:
For FY2001 For FY2002
Information not available
Information not available
$5,000,000 $10,000,000
from the Labor Department
from the Labor Department
Sources:
(1) State Department Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking.
(2) HHS Budget Justification, FY2003.
(3) State Department, International Affairs Budget Summary and Highlights. FY2003, February 2002, p. 64.
(4) Discussion with Department of Justice Official, April 9, 2002.
(5) State Department Fact Sheet, U.S. Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons, February 14, 2002.