Order Code RL31152
Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Foreign Support of the U.S. War on Terrorism
Updated May 29, 2002
Tiffany G. Petros, Yeonmin Cho,
Anne K. Glatz, and Yonatan A. Bock
Research Associates
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Steven A. Hildreth
Specialist in National Defense
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Foreign Support of the U.S. War on Terrorism
Summary
In response to the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11,
2001, a number of countries and organizations pledged various forms of support to
the United States in its campaign against the Al Qaeda network and the Taliban in
Afghanistan. This report summarizes support for the U.S. war against terrorism from
open source material. It will be updated as necessary. For additional information on
the U.S. response to terrorism, as well as further country and regional information,
see the CRS Terrorism Electronic Briefing Book at:
[http://www.congress.gov/brbk/html/ebter1.html].

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Contents
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
International Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
European Union (EU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) . . . . . . . 4
Organization of American States (OAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
United Nations (U.N.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
World Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Selected NGOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Doctors Without Borders (Médecins sans Frontières) (MSF) . . . . . . . . 5
Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Bosnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
China (See People’s Republic of China) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Congo (See Republic of Congo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Estonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

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Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Kyrgyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Luxembourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Palestinian Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
People’s Republic of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Qatar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Republic of Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Republic of China (Taiwan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Slovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
South Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Taiwan (See Republic of China) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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Turkmenistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
United Arab Emirates (UAE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

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Foreign Support of the U.S. War on Terrorism
Overview
After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the Bush Administration
announced Operation Enduring Freedom as part of the war on global terrorism. The
United States launched a sweeping effort to build a multilateral coalition against the
Al Qaeda network led by Osama bin-Laden and against the Taliban in Afghanistan.1
Although military operations continue, U.S. and other countries’ efforts are now
focused increasingly on providing for peacekeeping operations, humanitarian relief,
and reconstruction within Afghanistan.
At the same time, additional efforts have been underway to freeze the financial
assets of Al Qaeda around the world and to investigate the presence of Al Qaeda
terrorists in other countries through intelligence sharing and law enforcement
cooperation. In fact, as military operations wind down in Afghanistan, it appears that
military operations elsewhere may be increasing. For example, U.S. troops have
been deployed to the Philippines to help that country’s military train in their on-going
efforts against the Abu Sayyaf terrorists, which have reported links to Al Qaeda.
Limited military operations and cooperation are taking place elsewhere, as well.2
It is difficult to assess with precision how many countries have agreed to
provide the varying types of assistance mentioned above from open sources. Some
statistics are reported, but no details are available.3 At the same time, it is sometimes
1 On October 7, 2001, the Department of Defense outlined the military objectives it set for
Enduring Freedom to include: 1) making it clear to the Taliban leaders and their supporters
that harboring terrorists was unacceptable; 2) acquiring intelligence to facilitate future
operations against Al Qaeda and the Taliban; 3) developing relationships with groups in
Afghanistan that oppose the Taliban and the foreign terrorists that the Taliban support; 4)
making it increasingly difficult for the terrorists to use Afghanistan freely as a base of
operations; 5) to alter the military balance over time by denying to the Taliban the weapon
systems they need to fight opposition forces in Afghanistan; and 6) providing humanitarian
relief to Afghans suffering oppressive living conditions under the Taliban regime.
2 In Somalia, U-2 overflights reportedly are monitoring potential Al Qaeda bases. Also,
U.S., French, and German naval forces off the eastern coast of Africa and in the Gulf of
Aden are seeking to block the shipment of weapons to terrorist groups and the transport of
Al Qaeda refugees from Afghanistan. In Yemen and Pakistan, U.S. military and law
enforcement cooperation continues against Al Qaeda terrorists.
3 For example, the Associated Press reported on January 22, 2002, that military assistance
has been offered by 136 countries; over-flight authority granted by 89 countries, landing
rights granted by 76 countries, and 23 countries agreed to host U.S. forces involved in
offensive operations. In the FY 2003 Budget, President Bush noted that more than 140
countries are helping to track and block terrorist’s access to money (p. 27). Between
(continued...)

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difficult to discern exactly what the United States has requested of other countries,
and precisely what other countries have pledged. Secretary of Defense Ronald
Rumsfeld has declined to openly describe the support being given to the United
States, stating instead: “each country is doing what they’re doing slightly differently,
and they have their way of characterizing it. It seems to me that that’s fair, proper
and certainly to our advantage.”4 Some pledges, therefore, have been and continue
to be ambiguous or deliberately vague.
This report tracks the broad range of foreign support for the U.S. war on
terrorism from open source materials. The report will be updated as necessary.
Response
International Organizations
Many international organizations have taken action after the September 11
attacks. Some of them are regional in setup, while others have worldwide scope.
Some are more formal than others. In addition, there are intergovernmental
organizations and non-governmental groups that have acted in support of the United
States’ fight against terrorism. Some of the most significant ones are outlined here.
European Union (EU). Following September 11, the EU announced its
solidarity with the United States. The EU provided a joint statement of support from
member countries. Direct military assistance has been offered through NATO by
participating EU states.
The EU is actively promoting cooperation between member states in the areas
of police and financial intelligence. The European Council called upon the Justice
and Home Affairs Council to draw up a common list of terrorist organizations. In
addition to introducing a common definition of terrorism, the EU has also introduced
a European arrest warrant. Various EU organizations responsible for combating
terrorism (Europol, Eurojust, police forces, intelligence services, and judicial
authorities) have also sought to increase cooperation. Europol, for example, has been
charged with setting up a special anti-terrorist team that will cooperate with its U.S.
counterparts.
In an effort to combat the financing of terrorist activities, the EU has called upon
members to sign and ratify the U.N. Convention for the Suppression of the Financing
of Terrorism [http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/r54c6.htm]. On November 13,
2001, the EU also approved legislation to tighten its laws against money laundering.
The new rules, which will be implemented within the next 18 months by the member
3 (...continued)
September 11, 2001 and the end of 2001, $33 million in assets had been frozen.
4 “Rumsfeld Meets Omani Monarch in Tent by the Sea,” American Press Services, October
4, 2001

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states, will seek to widen the definition of laundering and require the reporting of
suspicious transactions.
The European Union has also pledged to give humanitarian assistance for the
people of Afghanistan. In total, $1 billion in reconstruction aid has been allocated
over the period 2002-2006, including $486 million expected to be distributed in
2002. In February 2002, the European Commission approved 57.5 million Euros
(about $50.3 million) for an Initial Recovery Program in Afghanistan.
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The Gulf Cooperation Council,
consisting of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab
Emirates, pledged support for an international coalition against terrorism, citing “the
willingness of its members to participate in any joint action that has clearly defined
objectives.” On December 31, 2001, the Council issued a statement finalizing joint
economic and defense projects to aid in the war on terrorism. Details are not
available. Several members had previously agreed to allow the United States to
preposition military equipment and infrastructure on their territory in support of U.S.
operations in the Persian Gulf. Although the Council has backed the U.S. anti-
terrorism campaign, it has cautioned the coalition to “resort to reason” and not to
hold Islam responsible for the actions of a few.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The 18 NATO allies of the
United States formally agreed to put Article V (the mutual defense clause of the
North Atlantic Treaty) into effect, deciding that the attacks of September 11th on the
United States should be considered an attack on the alliance as a whole. Article V
states that NATO members must consider coming to the aid of an ally under attack,
but does not guarantee assistance.
On October 3rd, the United States requested that NATO mobilize its fleet of 17
AWACS early warning surveillance aircraft from the Geilenkirchen air base in
Germany and to send them to North America to patrol U.S. territory so that U.S.
AWACS and their crews could be deployed to the Afghan theater. The United States
received permission for unlimited use of NATO sea ports, military bases, and air
space. Selective sharing of intelligence information and resources has also been
offered. Furthermore, NATO plans called for redeploying a naval force of nine ships
from eight countries to the eastern Mediterranean to boost NATO’s regional presence
and free up American naval vessels for the Afghan conflict. NATO countries agreed
to replace any U.S. troops pulled out of peacekeeping missions in Europe for the anti-
terrorist campaign; Germany agreed to lead NATO’s Operation Amber Fox in
Macedonia.
NATO diplomats are discussing a humanitarian role for the alliance involving
the transport of food and other relief supplies to Afghanistan and neighboring
countries. The alliance is also gathering and sharing intelligence information.
Although NATO has supported U.S. military operations in Afghanistan, the
Organization has said that it will not automatically support an extended war on
terrorism to include military action against Iraq, Iran, or North Korea.

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Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). On
December 4, 2001, the 55-nation OSCE closed a two-day conference in Bucharest
by unveiling a counter-terrorism plan. Member countries agreed to share intelligence
concerning the whereabouts of suspected terrorists, to increase security at borders and
strengthen passport checks, and to crack down on organized crime. OSCE also
pledged to increase efforts to ensure that terrorists are not mistakenly offered refugee
or asylum status in member countries.
Following up from on the Bucharest counter-terrorism plan, the OSCE, in
conjunction with the U.N. Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, adopted
a Program of Action at a conference in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan held from December 13-
14, 2001.
In January 2002, the Portuguese chairman, Jaime Gama, told the Permanent
Council of the OSCE in Vienna that the fight against terrorism will be among the
Organization’s top priorities in 2002. Gama announced that he will appoint a
Personal Representative on Terrorism.
Organization of American States (OAS). Signatories of the Inter-
American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance invoked the Rio Treaty and agreed to “use
all legally available measures to pursue, capture, extradite, and punish” terrorists, and
to “render additional assistance and support to the United States and to each other,
as appropriate, to address the September 11 attacks, and also to prevent future
terrorist acts.” Acting under the Charter of the OAS, all members of the
Organization condemned the attacks and called upon member states to “take effective
measures to deny terrorist groups the ability to operate within their territories.” Since
then the Inter-American Committee Against Terrorism (CICTE), created in 1999, has
met several times and has developed an ambitious agenda for multilateral, bilateral,
and domestic action that was approved by the Second Regular Session of CICTE on
January 28-29, 2002. The OAS is also working on a draft Inter-American
Convention Against Terrorism that is expected to be ready for submission to the
upcoming U.N. General Assembly session in Barbados in June 2002.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The Shanghai Cooperation
Organization (SCO) consists of 6 members: China, Russia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. The organization was originally founded to prevent
terrorism from spreading to Central Asia from Taliban-controlled Afghanistan. The
foreign ministers of SCO countries pledged in a joint statement on January 7, 2002,
to cooperate against “terrorism, separatism and extremism” and to promote regional
stability. SCO is encouraging the development of an international “Comprehensive
Covenant on Terrorism.” The group also intends to establish a counterterrorism body
based in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. SCO has advocated a strong U.N. role in the future
of Afghanistan and rejects expanding military action beyond Afghanistan’s borders.
United Nations (U.N.). The U.N. Security Council expressed “its readiness
to take all necessary steps to respond to the terrorist attacks” (Resolution 1368 (2001)
of September 12, 2001), but did not formally authorize any military response. The
United Nations has been largely supportive of U.S. action, but U.N. officials did
condemn the United States for mistakenly attacking a facility housing U.N. aid
workers, killing four and injuring others.

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On December 20, 2001, the United Nations Security Council unanimously
adopted Resolution 1386 (2001), authorizing the establishment of an International
Security Assistance Force (ISAF). The primary objective of ISAF is to provide
assistance to the Afghan Interim Authority to maintain security in Kabul and its
surrounding areas; it will act as a peacekeeping force. ISAF has a mandate for six
months. Britain is leading the Force during its first three months and has offered to
extend its leadership for a longer period.
The following countries are currently contributing to ISAF: Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, New
Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and the United
Kingdom.
In the area of economic cooperation, the United Nations Security Council has
adopted sanctions against Osama bin Laden and his terrorist network. This act
requires all member states to impose arms embargoes and to freeze the financial
assets of bin Laden and Al Qaeda, as well as other groups associated with them.
World Bank. Although it does not maintain active operations in Afghanistan,
the World Bank monitors the situation in Afghanistan in its ‘Watching Brief.’ It has
also provided the United Nations Development Program with a $350,000 grant to be
used for a small number of economic studies, workshops, seminars and a pilot
program for capacity building of Afghan women's NGOs based in Pakistan.
Selected NGOs
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). On December 5-6,
2001, the Afghanistan Support Group of the International Committee of the Red
Cross held its annual conference in Berlin. The Committee’s immediate priorities
outlined at the conference are: reconstruction and support of medical structures, the
running of six orthopedic centers, mine awareness programs, support of people in
remote areas with food and non-food items, and visits to detained persons.
Concerning detained persons, the ICRC encourages their humane treatment
under international humanitarian law, particularly the Geneva Conventions. This
should apply to Afghan Taliban and foreign fighters alike, the ICRC argues.
Doctors Without Borders (Médecins sans Frontières) (MSF). In
October 2001, MSF issued a statement against humanitarian airdrops by U.S. military
forces, arguing that they contradicted the principle of impartiality of humanitarian
aid, as defined by the Geneva Convention.
MSF has been in Afghanistan since 1979. After September 11, it has continued
with its humanitarian work, mainly supplying food and running health centers and
hospital wards. Since November 2001, more than 50 international and 400 local staff
have been working from six cities in Afghanistan. The organization also has teams
in Iran, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Pakistan. MSF has called for an increase in
demining activities because, it notes, there are many unexploded cluster bombs
remaining in Afghanistan.

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Countries
Algeria. Algeria has declared that it “supports the American initiative and
international action against terrorism.” In January, Algeria and the United States held
joint military maneuvers. A London-based Middle East newspaper reports that
Algeria and the United States have created a joint security commission for the
surveillance and pursuit of armed Islamic groups.
Afghanistan. The anti-Taliban Northern Alliance gave its full support for the
antiterrorist coalition and fought alongside U.S. forces. The Northern Alliance
allowed the United States to remain in the facilities that it initially held or captured,
including the Soviet-built base at Bagram, 25 miles north of Kabul.
The new Afghan administration has approved the stationing of International
Security Assistance Force (ISAF) troops in and around Kabul. Currently, between
2,500 and 3,000 troops are in Afghanistan. In an agreement among the various
factions within the new administration, a cap on foreign troops has been set at 3,500.
Afghanistan contributing about half of the 2,000 troops that participated in the
U.S.-led Operation Anaconda. The Operation included close-range fighting against
Al Qaeda and Taliban forces.
Albania. Albania has offered to support the United States and its allies by
providing use of its ports, airspace, and airports.
Albanian police and justice authorities are actively cooperating with their
counterparts in the United States and the European Union. Furthermore, authorities
are strengthening background checks and implementing tighter immigration controls.
This has led to several arrests of people connected to Al Qaeda and expulsion of
others. In addition, the bank accounts of several Arab companies, which were being
administered by the Arab-Albanian Islamic Bank and the International Trade Bank
of Malaysia, have now been frozen. Al Qaeda accounts were among them.
Further demonstrating its commitment to ending international terrorism, Albania
now is prepared to accede to the International Convention for Suppression of
Terrorist Bombings (1997) [http://www.un.org/ga/documents/gares52/res52164.htm]
and the International Convention for the Suppression of Financing of Terrorism
(1999) [http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/r54c6.htm].
Armenia. Armenia has offered the use of its airspace to support U.S. military
action in Afghanistan.
Australia. Invoking Article IV of the Australia, New Zealand, and United
States (ANZUS) security treaty, the attacks of September 11th were declared an
attack on Australia. Prime Minister John Howard committed 1,550 troops to the
coalition effort to fight terrorism, including 150 troops from Australia’s elite Special
Air Services (SAS). One hundred SAS troops are currently serving in Afghanistan.
An unspecified number of Australia’s Special Forces contributed to Operation
Anaconda. Australia’s contribution to the Operation includes close-range fighting
against Al Qaeda and Taliban soldiers.

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Prime Minister Howard previously authorized the deployment of an additional
295 Australian troops, if required. In addition to troops, Australia has provided
military support by offering the coalition use of its tanker planes, two refueling
planes, four F/A-18 Hornets, two P-3 maritime surveillance aircraft, a command ship,
and the HMAS Sydney guided missile frigate.
Australia has taken steps to strengthen financial intelligence against terrorism.
As part of this effort, the Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Center
(AUSTRAC) [http://www.austrac.gov.au/] has offered to provide full support to its
U.S. counterpart (the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, or FINCEN),
[http://www.ustreas.gov/fincen/] in obtaining relevant financial information. The
Government has also directed the Reserve Bank of Australia to stop payments on any
transactions by or to the 27 organizations and individuals identified as sponsors of
terrorism by President Bush’s Executive Order. Further, Australia will act to
strengthen the Charter of the United Nations (Sanctions-Afghanistan) Regulations
2001, enabling it to freeze the assets of Osama bin Laden and his associates.
Australia offered to contribute troops to coalition peacekeeping efforts.
However, Australia’s troops were not included in the first phase of the British-led
peacekeeping operation.
Austria. Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel offered the United States use of
Austria’s airspace. As a neutral country, Austria does not take part in Operation
Enduring Freedom. However, Austria is participating in the ISAF and is contributing
58 troops.
Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan has offered the United States use of its airspace for
military operations in Afghanistan.
Azerbaijan has cooperated in the area of police intelligence. Since the
September 11 attacks, Azerbaijan has arrested 10 Egyptian nationals and handed
them over to Cairo at Egypt’s request. All 10 of those arrested were suspected of
having ties to terrorist organizations.
Bahrain. Bahrain has voiced strong support for the United States in its war
against terrorism. Following the September 11 attacks, Crown prince Sheik Salman
bin Hamad Al Khalifa stated “in a time of need, we stand by our friends.” At the
end of October, President Bush designated Bahrain as a “major non-NATO ally.”
This formal distinction, which allows for increased military cooperation under the
Foreign Assistance Act, is shared only by Egypt, Jordan, and Israel in the Middle
East. Bahrain currently hosts the headquarters of the U.S. Navy’s Fifth Fleet, which
is home to aircraft carriers, destroyers, and other ships stationed in the Persian Gulf
and Arabian Sea. A Bahrain royal air base, located 20 miles south of the capital
Manama, also houses U.S. aircraft.
Bahrain has deployed a naval liaison officer to U.S. Naval Forces Central
Command (CENTCOM) and has sent one frigate and associated personnel to support
naval missions in Operation Enduring Freedom. In addition, Bahrain maintains
fighter units on continuous alert to provide defensive combat air patrols for national
and coalition forces in Bahrain.

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CRS-8
Bahrain has also moved to freeze financial assets of individuals and groups with
suspected ties to terrorist organizations. On January 9, 2002, the Bahrain Monetary
Agency (BMA), the equivalent of a central bank, froze two accounts, the first such
action taken since September 11. Since January, Bahrain has established a law
enforcement unit within the BMA to monitor transactions that could be linked to
money laundering. In addition, Bahrain has taken steps to promote international
accounting standards for Islamic financial institutions.
Bangladesh. Bangladesh condemned the September 11 attack and offered the
United States use of its airspace, ports, and refueling facilities. The Bangladesh
government expressed its willingness to send peacekeeping troops to Afghanistan
and to participate in reconstruction. However, this plan was dropped due to the
opposition by a section of policy makers in the Bangladesh Nationalist Party-led
coalition government.
Belgium. As a NATO member, Belgium supported the invocation of Article
V. Foreign Minister Louis Michel offered to send troops to aid the U.S. military
operation if requested. Although Belgium’s troops were not requested for military
action, they have since been utilized for peacekeeping purposes. Belgium is
contributing more than 50 troops to the International Security Assistance force in
Afghanistan.
Belgium deployed four personnel to U.S. CENTCOM. Belgium led the largest
humanitarian assistance mission to date to supply 90 metric tons of UNIMIX, a high
protein food supplement, to children in Afghanistan. Belgian C-130 Air Force
aircraft also delivered UNIMIX to Tajikistan. A Belgian airbus (A-310) was used to
supply 250,000 vaccinations for children as part of the United Nations Children’s
Fund (UNICEF) program.
Belgium is also providing help in the areas of policing and intelligence. Since
September 11, Belgium has arrested several men in connection with terrorist
activities. Twelve Tunisian and Moroccan men were arrested for allegedly
contributing to the assassination of Ahmad Shah Massoud, the leader of the Afghan
Northern Alliance. Two other men were arrested for having ties to Islamic militant
organizations.
Bosnia. Following September 11, Bosnia’s Foreign Ministry spokesman Amer
Kapetanovi said, “This country will offer any kind of assistance the United States
government may ask for.”
Bosnia has since detained 38 people on suspicion of terrorist-related activities
and several others have been expelled from the country. Bosnia has also set up an
anti-terrorism coordination team to investigate the citizenship of 741 people. Thus
far, 104 of Bosnia’s naturalized foreigners have been stripped of their citizenship.
In October, six men with ties to Al Qaeda were arrested by Bosnian authorities
following a raid on the Sarajevo offices of the Saudi High Commission for Aid to
Bosnia. Five of the six men arrested were naturalized Bosnian citizens. U.S.
intelligence sources believe these men were planning attacks on the U.S. Embassy
in Sarajevo and on American citizens in Bosnia. Although Bosnian authorities

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cooperated with U.S. intelligence to apprehend the suspects, a Bosnian court ruled
in favor of the men’s release citing insufficient evidence to continue holding them.
The Bosnian government, however, allowed U.S. troops to seize the men as they left
the Bosnian detention center. On February 22, 2002, the results of the raid and
evidence against those arrested were made public. Items seized in the raid included
instructions on how to make false U.S. State Department I.D. badges, maps of
Washington, D.C. with government buildings highlighted, computer files on the use
of crop duster airplanes, and other anti-U.S. and anti-Semitic material.
Brazil. Following the September 11 attacks on the United States, Brazil
requested the invocation of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio
Treaty), which stipulates that “an armed attack on one member is to be considered
an attack on all.” The treaty was activated on September 19th in a meeting of
Western Hemisphere foreign ministers at the Organization of American States. On
October 1st, Brazilian President Henrique Cardoso stated that the United States had
not requested Brazilian military support and that Brazil did not intend to offer any.
Although Brazil has not pledged military assistance to the U.S., President
Cardoso has expressed Brazil’s willingness to provide humanitarian assistance.
Speaking in front of the U.N. General Assembly on November 10, 2001, President
Cardoso said, “We will, within our possibilities, welcome refugees wishing to settle
in our country.”
Bulgaria. Following September 11, Bulgarian Foreign Minister Solomon Pasi
said his nation was “ready to act as a (virtual) NATO ally.” To demonstrate its
commitment, Bulgaria granted the use of an air corridor for U.S. transport planes and
helicopters. Bulgaria has also offered to contribute 40 troops to the International
Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. Currently, 10 Bulgarian troops are
participating in ISAF.
Cambodia. Cambodia has offered the use of its airports and ports if needed.
Canada. As a member of NATO, Canada supported the invocation of Article
V. Following September 11, Canada offered military assistance in the form of
troops, a commando unit, six warships, several Sea King helicopters, and six air force
planes. An additional eight CF-18 fighter jets were dedicated to continental security
under the North American Aerospace Defense Command. The Canadian Disaster
Assistance Response Team (DART) and three humanitarian assistance ships were
also placed on alert to aid the United States if needed.
Currently there are 61 Canadian personnel at U.S. CENTCOM. To date, Canada
has sent approximately 2,400 troops to the conflict region as part of Operation
APOLLO, including elements of the country’s elite special forces unit, JTF-2.
Canadian naval troops on four warships have taken part in Maritime Interdiction
Operations (MIO), Leadership Interdiction Operations (LIO), escort duties and
general maritime surveillance in the seas between the North Arabian Gulf and the
North Arabian Sea. One CC 150 Polaris and three CC 130 aircraft were used for
strategic and tactical airlift. Two CP 140 Aurora aircraft are conducting MIO/LIO
operations as part of Carrier Task Force 57.

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Canadian Air Force helicopters have been deployed in over 700 missions. More
than 800 infantry troops and 12 Coyote armed reconnaissance vehicles have been
sent to Kandahar for security and combat operations to support the ongoing U.S.
involvement. Canada also offered to contribute an additional 1,000 troops to ISAF.
Because the ISAF did not request these troops, Canada deployed them instead to
support U.S. combat activities.
Since September 11, Canada has provided $16 million in humanitarian
assistance to Afghanistan. At the Tokyo Conference on Reconstruction in
Afghanistan on January 21-22, 2002, Canada pledged another $100 million for
humanitarian aid and reconstruction.
Canada’s new Anti-Terrorism Act and the Public Safety Act, introduced in
October and November 2001, respectively, include legal measures that increase the
country’s ability to combat terrorism.
China (See People’s Republic of China).
Congo (See Republic of Congo).
Cyprus. Cyprus offered the United States use of its airspace and airport
facilities.
Cyprus has declared its commitment to join forces with all governments at both
the bilateral and international levels in combating and eliminating terrorism,
according to a U.N. report circulated on January 16, 2002. The report further stated
that Cyprus has ratified or acceded to ten of 12 international conventions related to
the issue of international terrorism.
Domestically, Cyprus has created a Mobile Immediate Action Union to combat
terrorism. This Union consists of a specially trained anti-terrorist squad as well as
police officers skilled in investigating terrorist activities. The Union is acting in
cooperation with European, neighboring, and other countries.
Cyprus has also outlined measures taken to discourage the financing of terrorist
activities. Penalties for such crimes include 15 years in prison and/or a fine of one
million Cyprus pounds (about $1.5 million).
Czech Republic. As a NATO member, the Czech Republic supported the
invocation of Article V. Following the September 11 attacks, the Czech government
expressed its full support for U.S. military action against the terrorists and offered the
United States use of its air space en route to the conflict zone. Other types of support
offered by the Czech Republic include a special task force unit on anti-terrorism, a
field hospital, and a Tu-154 transport plane. Thus far, only the plane has been used.
While Czech troops have not joined the ongoing military engagement or
peacekeeping operation, they are contributing to the anti-terror effort. Twenty Czech
soldiers, an advance group of 250 specialists trained in anti-chemical protection, have
been transferred to Camp Doha, Kuwait. The Czech troops will be charged with
protecting the U.S. command and other units against chemical or biological weapons

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CRS-11
attacks. They may also serve in the event of an ecological disaster. Three Czech
personnel are currently at U.S. CENTCOM.
The Czech Republic has also pledged medical support. Five Czech doctors are
working in Afghanistan at the moment. They will be joined by about 200 doctors and
medical personnel in the near future, and a field hospital for the treatment of military
personnel and civilians will be set up for six months.
Denmark. As a NATO member, Denmark supported the invocation of Article
V. On February 20, 2002, the Danish Air Force began the deployment of one C-130
aircraft with 75 crew and support personnel. Furthermore, Denmark will provide four
F-16 aircraft, which are currently on standby in Denmark. About 100 Special
Operation Forces troops are part of a multinational unit under U.S. command in the
region. Denmark will also be one of the first countries to carry out airlifts from
Manas airbase in Kyrgyzstan. To date there are five Danish personnel at CENTCOM.
Denmark is contributing 10 troops to ISAF.
Egypt. President Hosni Mubarak said that Egypt “supports the fight against
terrorism, but will not take part with troops” or participate in any U.S.-led military
action. Egypt maintains that it “does not provide shelter to anyone who is linked
with terror.” Egypt has clearly stated its opposition to widening the U.S.-led anti-
terror campaign beyond Afghanistan to include any other Arab or Muslim state.
Mubarak, however, issued a firm statement of support for U.S. strikes in
Afghanistan. In late November 2001, Egypt sent three representatives to the war-
planning group at U.S. CENTCOM.
Estonia. Estonia has agreed to send 10 troops to Kyrgyzstan at the invitation
of Denmark to participate in the U.S.-led war against terrorism. Estonia’s soldiers
will join other troops from Latvia and Lithuania, pending parliamentary approval.
This will be Estonia’s first foreign military operation.
Ethiopia. The Ethiopian government has expressed its desire to cooperate with
Washington to eliminate terrorist threats. A joint arrangement whereby the U.S.
provides intelligence, training, equipment and transportation, and Ethiopia provides
personnel is under discussion. According to several U.S. administration officials, the
use of Ethiopia as a regional ally could become a model for anti-terrorist actions
elsewhere.
Ethiopia is particularly interested in threats posed by Al Qaeda and by the local
Somali radical Islamic ally, al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (Islamic Unity), both of which are
active in Somalia. While Ethiopia has declared its interest in cooperating with the
U.S. government, one Ethiopian diplomat has said, “If they don’t act, we’ll take
action unilaterally.”
Finland. Following September 11, Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen proposed
allowing the United States and its allies use of Finland’s airspace. As a neutral
country, however, Finland will not commit troops to military action, but will
participate in humanitarian relief operations.

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CRS-12
Currently there are three Finnish personnel at CENTCOM. Finland deployed 50
Civil Military Operations (CMO) officers to Kabul to coordinate cooperation
between the ISAF, Operation Enduring Freedom, and U.N. operations in
Afghanistan.
In addition, Finland has been supporting Humanitarian Assistance organizations
in order to facilitate Afghanistan’s long-term reconstruction. At the Tokyo
Conference on Reconstruction in Afghanistan on January 21-22, 2002, Finland
pledged to provide 10 million Euros (about $8.8 million) annually over a three-year
period.
France. As a NATO member, France supported the invocation of Article V
following the attacks in the United States. Prime Minister Lionel Jospin offered U.S.
military aircraft use of French airspace. France has also contributed its only carrier
battle group operating in the North Arabian Sea, six Mirage-2000 fighter planes to
provide air support in Afghanistan, air reconnaissance assets, and refuelers. France
sent 4,700 troops to Afghanistan and to Manas airfield in Kyrgyzstan. Currently there
are 15 French personnel at U.S. CENTCOM.
The first contingent of French soldiers arrived in Mazar-e Sharif on November
16, 2001. The 58 soldiers, mainly paratroopers and engineers, were assigned to
secure the city’s airfield, defend humanitarian operations, and prevent violence from
breaking out among rival Afghan factions. France allowed the use of its satellites
and agents to help gather intelligence and work with anti-Taliban opposition in the
region. French special forces from the elite 2nd Foreign Legion parachute regiment
(Commandos de Recherche et d’Action dans le Profondeur - CRAP) have been
operating in Afghanistan since March 2002.
In addition to providing military assistance, France has offered to take part in
peacekeeping efforts in Afghanistan and is counted among the 19 coalition countries
contributing troops to the ISAF. In total, France is providing 550 troops in the
peacekeeping effort, including ground troops, helicopter pilots, and hospital staff.
France has also helped improve the facilities and resources of the Kabul Medical
Institute.
At home, France has detained people on terror-related charges. A total of 11
suspected members of Tafkir al-Hijra, a fundamentalist Islamic group linked to Al
Qaeda, have been arrested by French authorities.
Georgia. Georgian officials pledged to help the United States in its efforts to
find and punish the perpetrators of the September 11 attacks. President Eduard
Shevardnadze stated that he would “include Georgia’s airspace and if need be
airfields and other infrastructure as well” for U.S.-led military strikes.
Chechen separatists and Arab mercenaries operating in Georgia along the border
with Chechnya have been identified by the U.S. as having ties with Osama bin
Laden’s Al Qaeda network. In an effort to contribute to the war against terrorism,
President Shevardnadze agreed to take as many as 200 U.S. troops in Georgia in
April. U.S. troops will help equip and train local anti-terrorist units fighting against

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militant groups operating in Georgia. U.S. forces, however, will not be directly
involved in combat activities.
Germany. As a NATO member, Germany supported the invocation of Article
V. Chancellor Gerhard Schröder pledged Germany’s “unlimited solidarity” and
provided the United States with access to German airspace, surveillance and
intelligence cooperation, and increased protection of U.S. installations. After a
confidence vote, Chancellor Schröder received Parliamentary approval in mid-
November to mobilize up to 3,900 troops in response to an American request for
support. Schröder also offered to send special forces troops, ships, and a medical
evacuation unit. Fuchs armored vehicles, equipped to check for nuclear, chemical,
and biological contamination, are currently carrying out a defense exercise in Kuwait
and will be on standby in Germany.
Currently, about 2,250 German troops are taking part in Operation Enduring
Freedom, including Special Operations Forces. In January 2002, the German Navy
deployed three Frigates, one Fast Patrol Boat Group and three Supply Ships to the
Gulf of Aden, operating out of Djibouti, to gather intelligence. An A-310 aircraft is
on alert in Germany to be used as a medevac platform.
In addition, Germany is contributing 850 troops to the ISAF in Kabul and leads
one ISAF infantry battalion. A German air transport element is operating out of
Uzbekistan to support the Force.
Germany has pledged $278 million in financial support to the people of
Afghanistan over the next four-year period.
Germany has initiated 17 investigative proceedings related to Islamic-
fundamentalist terrorism or the September 11 attacks. One important arrest was that
of Moroccan student Mounir El Motassadeq, who had power of attorney over one of
the September 11 hijacker's bank accounts. Cooperation between German and U.S.
authorities has intensified since September 11. The German Federal Criminal Police
Office has two permanent liaison officers in Washington and has sent two special
commission officers to the FBI.
In September and December 2001, two anti-terrorism laws were introduced. The
German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, the Military Counter-
intelligence Service, the Federal Intelligence Service, the Federal Criminal Police
Office and the Federal Border Police have been granted more authority in the
gathering and evaluation of information.
Germany froze more than 200 bank accounts as part of financial sanctions
against terrorist networks.
Ghana. On January 28, 2002 President John Agyekum Kufuor repeated
Ghana’s condemnation of the September 11 bombings in New York and Washington,
D.C. He also spoke out against all forms of terrorism wherever they may occur and
said that Ghana would contribute its quota to the international effort to rid the world
of this threat. Thus far, Ghana has offered unspecified help in tracking down those
behind the attacks.

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CRS-14
Greece. As a NATO member, Greece supported the invocation of Article V.
Greece allowed U.S. military planes to use its airspace. It did not receive requests
for further aid, but says it is willing to honor its NATO obligations. The United
States maintains a large naval base at Souda Bay on the island of Crete.
Currently there are three Greek personnel at U.S. CENTCOM. In March 2002,
Greece sent a frigate with 266 crew and a team of navy commandos to the
CENTCOM Area of Responsibility. These forces will carry out patrolling, escorting
and inspecting duties for three months in the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, the Persian
Gulf and the Indian Ocean.
Greece is currently contributing 134 troops to ISAF.
Guatemala. Guatemala offered 30 soldiers as part of a Central American
contingent for humanitarian work in Afghanistan.
Hungary. As a NATO member, Hungary supported the invocation of Article
V. The United States was granted overflight and landing clearances.
Hungary has offered to support the military campaign in Afghanistan by sending
a health unit to the region. It has provided 100 million forints (about $364,000) in
humanitarian aid to Afghanistan.
According to Hungarian Foreign Minister Janos Martonyi, Hungarian
intelligence services have been cooperating extensively with the United States since
September 11. This cooperation is likely to expand even further as the United States
looks to increase funding of the Budapest-based International Law Enforcement
Academy [http://www.usis.hu/ilea.htm]. This academy, established in 1995, has
trained more than 5,000 officials from 26 countries across the former Eastern bloc.
In addition to this academy, Hungary is also home to the first permanent FBI office
outside of the United States. According to Martonyi, identifying dangers and
responses to them will become one of the most important tasks in the future
relationship between Hungary and the United States.
Iceland. As a NATO member, Iceland supported the invocation of Article V.
Foreign Minister Halldor Asgrimsson offered the airport at Keflavik for any U.S.
operations.
India. The Indian government offered early and enthusiastic assistance for U.S.
military operations in Afghanistan as well as intelligence sharing. The assistance
includes the use of India’s territory and facilities. India reaffirmed its unqualified
support at several meetings with the United States. The two countries have planned
joint military training exchanges over the next 6 to 18 months in the areas of
peacekeeping, counter-terrorism, special operations training and naval activities.
Other cooperative programs aim at improving intelligence sharing, implementing
joint investigations, and preventing funding of terrorists.
Indonesia. Indonesian President Megawati Sukarnoputri pledged to support
the U.S. war on terrorism. Because Indonesia is the world’s largest Muslim nation,

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Indonesian actions cautiously avoid upsetting politically influential Islamic groups
who largely view the war on terrorism as a war on Islam.
Officials and media in the region and the Untied States have expressed a
growing concern over Indonesia’s reserved cooperation. Some are particularly
frustrated by the Indonesian government’s reluctance to arrest two leaders of Al
Qaeda terrorist organizations in South East Asia, Abu Bakar Baasyir and Riduan
Isamuddin. Under pressure from the Malaysian and Singapore governments, the
Indonesian police questioned Baasyir, but released him citing lack of evidence.
Riduan Isamuddin, an Indonesian Islamic cleric better known as Hambali, is accused
of masterminding the U.S. Embassy bombing in Singapore and other terrorist acts.
His whereabouts are unknown.
Police in Indonesia are quietly stepping up cooperation with countries in the
region. It has established tripartite cooperation with Malaysia and the Philippines
and also had a bilateral agreement with Australia in information and intelligence
sharing to combat terrorism.
Iran. Iran has said it would not join a U.S. counter-terrorism coalition, seeking
instead a diplomatic solution to the conflict. Iran was a staunch opponent of the
Taliban and provided weapons to the opposition Northern Alliance. According to
Iranian reports, Iranian Special Unit forces worked with U.S. and British special
forces to aid the Northern Alliance. Iran also closed its border with Afghanistan. Iran
agreed to provide search-and-air-rescue for any U.S. pilots downed in Iranian
territory during operations in Afghanistan in response to a request from the Bush
Administration.
Iran has expressed support for U.S. efforts to freeze financial assets used by
terrorists, yet the level of Iran’s commitment to this endeavor remains unclear.
Contributing to humanitarian assistance, Iran has allowed the United States to unload
up to 165,000 tons of U.S. wheat bound for Afghanistan at Iranian ports.
Iran recently signed five memoranda of understanding with Afghanistan
outlining political, economic and cultural cooperation. Iran offered support in
improving Afghan infrastructure, combating poppy-production and training Afghan
police, army and journalists.
Ireland. Prime Minister Bertie Ahern offered to let the United States Air Force
use Irish airfields if needed.
Israel. Referring to shared intelligence information, Prime Minister Ariel
Sharon stated that Israel was “assisting but not participating” in the war effort.
Following September 11, senior Israeli military and security officials traveled
to Washington to brief Pentagon officials on Israel’s experience, tactics and
procedures for combating Islamic terrorist groups. Officials from El Al, Israel’s
national airline, testified before Congress on strategies for improving airline and
airport security. Israel has offered political support for the military strikes, but has
refrained from supplying direct military assistance.

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Italy. As a NATO member, Italy supported the invocation of Article V.
Defense Minister Antonio Martino announced on November 7, 2001 that Italy would
contribute 2,700 troops to the U.S.-led military campaign. The Italian contingent
consists of naval, air, and ground components including an armored regiment,
reconnaissance and transport planes, warships, and vehicles to check for biological
and chemical weapons. Up to 1,000 additional troops were offered if needed. Of
those troops pledged, 1,475 were sent to the Gulf aboard the aircraft carrier
Garibaldi. There are 13 Italian personnel at CENTCOM.
Italy is also contributing to the peacekeeping effort in Afghanistan. Currently,
more than 300 Italian troops are participating in ISAF. The Italian air force is
scheduled to send one C-130 to Manas airfield as part of the rotation of forces.
To date, Italy has provided more than $33 million in humanitarian assistance for
Afghanistan.
In addition to offering military assistance, Italy has pledged police cooperation.
In November 2001, police arrested five people from Northern Africa who were
suspected of having ties to bin Laden. The arrests were made after a sweep of
mosques and houses in northern Italy. In February 2002, nine Moroccans were
arrested under suspicion of plotting a bio-terrorist attack on the U.S. Embassy in
Rome.
Japan. With the passage of a new law in October 2001 that allows Japanese
Self Defense Forces (SDF) to operate in non-combat zones, Japan contributed 1,500
troops to the U.S.-led war against terrorism. The central role of the Japanese SDF
is to provide logistical support to the United States. Six Maritime Self Defense Force
(MSDF) ships were dispatched to gather intelligence, transport supplies for the U.S.-
led forces, and for refueling their vessels. Although the refueling mission is set to
end in late March, Japan is considering a possible extension to mid-May.

Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi agreed with European Union leaders to
increase cooperation between the Japanese police and the European policy agency,
Europol, to fortify the global fight against terrorism.
Japan also committed to track down and intercept the assets of terrorists and
those who finance terrorists. In this regard, Japan approved a bill to prevent
financing for terrorists in line with the U.N. resolution that Japan is preparing to
ratify. Another bill was also designed to stipulate punishment for financing terrorists.
At the International Ministerial Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to
Afghanistan, held in Tokyo in late January 2002, Japan pledged to provide up to
$500 million over the next 30 months to aid Afghanistan.
Jordan. King Abdullah committed Jordan to providing intelligence support
for the war on terrorism. Jordan offered to commit troops to the peacekeeping
operation in Afghanistan if necessary. Jordan was not included among the 19
coalition countries participating in the initial peacekeeping mission.

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Jordan provided basing and over-flight permission for all U.S. and coalition
forces. In early October, Jordan sent two representatives to U.S. CENTCOM.
Recently, Jordan deployed an Aardvark mine-clearing unit and associated personnel
to Kandahar to assist in operations there. Jordan intends to send a planning officer
to the Regional Air Movement Control Center (RAMCC).
A Jordanian hospital in Mazar-e-Sharif has treated over 20,000 patients since
U.S. operations began.
Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan opened its airspace and offered use of its defense
facilities for the U.S.-led forces. The United States is discussing providing to the
Kazak government U.S. military advisors, weapons, and special training for building
counterterrorism capability.
Kazakhstan is contributing humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan by offering
school supplies for Afghan children as part of a UNICEF program.
Kenya. Following the September 11 attacks, Kenya expressed its willingness
to assist the United States in its war against terrorism. In the past, Kenya has allowed
American military ships to use the port at Mobassa. Kenya hosted U.S. forces during
the American intervention in Somalia in 1993. Future U.S. operations against
Somalia and terrorist groups in the Horn of Africa will likely involve Kenyan
support.
Kenya is sharing intelligence information generously with the United States.
The United States has requested that Kenya monitor the movements of foreigners
into and out of the region. In February, Kenyan forces conducted a joint-exercise
with U.S. Marines in the Indian Ocean just south of Somalia. Kenya briefly detained,
but later released, 11 foreigners suspected of being connected to Al Qaeda.
Kuwait. Kuwait offered all possible assistance. The United States utilized
Camp Doha, a U.S. Army base just outside of Kuwait City, and the U.S. Air Force
utilized the Kuwaiti bases of Ali Salem and Ahmed Al Jaber.
Kuwait’s government has agreed to fully cooperate with U.S. inter-agency teams
attempting to track a money trail from Kuwaiti companies, charities, and other
organizations to terrorist groups. Since January 2002, members of the U.S. FBI,
Departments of State, Justice, Treasure, Internal Revenue Service, and anti-terror
experts have been combing through Kuwait’s financial and government institutions
in order to gain information on suspected channels of financial activity.
Administration officials have praised Kuwait for actions taken to block the
financial assets of terrorists and their supporters.
Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyz President Askar Akayev supported the anti-terrorist
coalition by making Manas airport available to allied forces. The presence of the
U.S. military in Kyrgyzstan will expand as a U.S. base is built near the Kyrgyz
capital, Bishkek.

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Latvia. President Vike-Freiberga stated that Latvia was ready to provide the
United States any assistance necessary to find and punish the perpetrators of terror.
Latvia’s National Armed Forces has offered to send 12 soldiers to Kyrgyzstan
for a three month period to participate in the U.S.-led international anti-terrorism
operation. The mission, which was to begin in February, has been postponed as
preparations are being made to house the military contingent. Latvian soldiers will
be joining the operation at the invitation of Denmark. Although Latvian troops will
not be involved in combat activities, they will provide aviation base support and
security.
Latvia has adopted an anti-terrorism action plan. The Latvian government is
currently considering amendments to the country’s criminal law, which will hold
individuals responsible for both participating in and providing financial support to
terror operations.
Liberia. Liberian President Charles Taylor offered the coalition the use of his
nation’s airport facilities and airspace.
Libya. Distancing himself from terrorism, Libyan leader Moammar Gaddafi
condemned the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon and endorsed U.S.
retaliation. According to U.S. officials, Libya has cooperated with the United States
since September 11 by offering valuable intelligence information concerning Al
Qaeda operations.
Libya has expressed support for U.S. efforts to freeze financial assets of
terrorists, yet the actual level of Libyan support in this area remains unclear.
Lithuania. The Lithuanian government issued a long-term diplomatic permit
allowing U.S. flights to occupy Lithuanian air space for the duration of the anti-
terrorist operation. Lithuania has also pledged to contribute military doctors to
Operation Enduring Freedom, pending parliamentary approval.
On January 23, 2002, the Lithuanian National Security and Defense Committee
approved a Lithuanian program for combating terrorism. The program outlines
concrete actions to be taken in the next two years including: joining international
efforts to fight terrorism, developing anti-terror legislation, protecting potential
terrorist targets, and investigating terrorist activities.
Luxembourg. As a NATO member, Luxembourg supported the invocation
of Article V.
Luxembourg has banned terrorist groups named by the United States.
Luxembourg has also attempted to block the assets of all persons and organizations
identified by the United States as terrorists or supporters of terrorism without making
too many demands concerning evidentiary issues. To date, 18 suspect bank accounts
have been frozen. Five of these cases are being challenged in court.
Malaysia. Malaysia has supported the U.S. war against Terrorism. Malaysian
authorities arrested 13 suspects with possible links to Osama bin Laden in December

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2001. Malaysia is also providing peacekeeping humanitarian support and has sent a
medical team to help Afghan refugees in Pakistan.
In support of the U.N. Security Council Resolution 1373, Malaysia’s central
bank has directed local banks to trace and freeze the accounts of organizations found
to be sponsoring or connected with terrorism.
Malaysia, along with Indonesia, agreed to the Arroyo proposal requiring
cooperation in intelligence and information exchange.
Mexico. President Vicente Fox stated that Mexico was “ready to collaborate
with all those countries in a proposed alliance to fight this evil,” and indicated
willingness to cooperate on security matters during a visit to President Bush on
October 4, 2001. Officials from Mexico and the United States met in November
2001 and January 2002 to discuss migration and security cooperation between the
countries. Mexico is exercising the leadership in the Organization of American
States in drafting an Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism to enhance law
enforcement cooperation that is expected to be completed in June 2002.
Mexico is in the process of tightening its laws to combat terrorism and
terrorism-financing more effectively. This includes completing the constitutional
procedures to become party to the International Convention for the Suppression of
Financing of Terrorism.
Moldova. The Moldovan Supreme Security Council decided to allow the
international antiterrorist coalition to use Moldovan airspace and the Chisinau airport
for the fight against terrorism.
Nepal. The Nepali government voiced support for U.S.-led military actions in
Afghanistan.
Netherlands. As a NATO member, the Netherlands supported the invocation
of Article V. It also offered to contribute 1,400 troops, as well as six fighter planes,
support planes, three frigates, two minesweepers, and a submarine to the military
effort in Afghanistan.
Currently there are 7 Dutch personnel at U.S. CENTCOM. Two Dutch naval
frigates are operating in the CENTCOM Area of Responsibility, and other naval
ships and Air Force P-3s will be deployed to the U.S. Southern Command Area of
Responsibility.
The Netherlands has also contributed more than 100 troops to the ISAF. An Air
Force KDC-10 is currently conducting strategic airlifts out of Incirlik, Turkey. Three
humanitarian assistance flights have been carried out by Dutch C-130 aircraft. One
C-130 aircraft is scheduled to be sent to Manas airfield as part of the rotation of
forces.
The Netherlands has promised almost $100 million for humanitarian aid and
reconstruction in addition to its yearly contribution of $8 million in humanitarian aid.

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The Netherlands has also installed an action plan to combat terrorism, including
the strengthening of legislation, increased cooperation between police and justice
departments in the Netherlands and the U.S., and financial control mechanisms.
New Zealand. Foreign Minister Phil Goff offered military support for use in
any action against those responsible for the September 11 attacks, including troops
from the country’s special forces. Intelligence support was offered as well; New
Zealand’s Waihopai monitoring station is part of the five-nation Echelon network.
The Australia, New Zealand, and United States (ANZUS) security treaty was
activated. Prime Minister Helen Clark recently acknowledged the presence of Special
Air Services (SAS) on the ground in Afghanistan.
Three hundred members of New Zealand’s counter-terrorism police are
cooperating with Italian and U.S. officials to investigate potential links between
cyanide threats to U.S. Embassies in New Zealand and Rome.
New Zealand is contributing 20 troops to the ISAF.
Nicaragua. Under the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, the
Nicaraguan government pledged to lend any necessary help to the fight against
terrorism.
Nigeria. President Olusegun Obasanjo pledged his country’s support for the
international coalition against terrorism, stating that “we have no doubt in our own
mind that terrorism must be fought and it must be fought to a standstill.”
Norway. As a NATO member, Norway supported the invocation of Article V.
Currently there are six Norwegian personnel at CENTCOM. Norwegian special
forces have been providing reconnaissance and military assistance and have been
involved in offensive operations in Operation Enduring Freedom. An engineering
unit, consisting of 16 mine clearing experts, was deployed to Bagram, Afghanistan.
An area of 180,000 square meters at Kandahar airfield and its surroundings was
cleared of mines by Norwegian personnel. One C-130 transport aircraft was provided
to Manas, Kyrgyzstan, where Norway coordinates a joint unit with the Netherlands
and Denmark to provide tactical airlift and humanitarian assistance. Four F-16
fighters are scheduled to be deployed in April/May 2002.
Norway is contributing 30 troops to the ISAF. Norwegian participation includes
the deployment of Explosive Ordnance Disposal troops that are charged with mine
clearing.
Oman. The Sultan of Oman reiterated permission for the United States to use
the facilities it has had access to since 1980, including airfields at Seeb, Thumrait,
and Masirah Island. Oman houses significant caches of prepositioned U.S.
equipment and supplies. Oman, which has significant military ties to the U.K.,
recently allowed British allied troops to conduct a large military exercise to test the
British ability to move heavy equipment in a desert environment.

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Pakistan. Pakistan has played a critical role in anti-terror operations led by the
United States. It has provided access to four airbases for more than 1,000 American
troops, passed along important intelligence information, and strengthened the border
with Afghanistan to prevent Taliban and Al Qaeda fighters from escaping to
Pakistan. The Pakistani government also froze the assets of two Islamic militant
groups after the Bush administration declared them terrorist organizations.
Pakistan’s active support for the U.S. war on terrorism was in danger of being
impaired after a terrorist attack on India’s parliament in December 2001 in which 14
people were killed including five suicide attackers. India accused two Pakistan-based
Islamic groups of being responsible for the attack. These two groups have been
fighting to end Indian control over the Muslim majority areas of Kashmir. However,
the tension over the Kashmir conflict lessened partly because Pakistan’s President
Musharraf condemned the act of terror and Pakistani police rounded up about 2,500
terrorist suspects.
Musharraf has agreed to make Pakistan’s Karachi International Airport available
as the hub of peacekeeping operations in Afghanistan, but has stressed that the
arrangement is temporary and does not imply a permanent U.S. presence in the
country.
Following the murder of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl in February,
the United States formally requested that Pakistan extradite the prime suspect. No
extradition treaty exists between Pakistan and the United states and Pakistan has
indicated that it wants to try the suspect in Pakistan under domestic laws.
Pakistan’s President traveled to Washington D.C. in mid-February. Around the
same time, President Bush requested the reallocation of $220 million in emergency
Defense Department funds to Pakistan.
Pakistan has pledged to donate $100 million over five years to Afghanistan for
its reconstruction, and the private joint-venture Premier-Shell Pakistan has
committed $200 million in aid for the rehabilitation of Afghan refugees.
Palestinian Authority. Bassam Abu Sharif, aide to Yasser Arafat, said
Arafat offered to cooperate with the U.S. anti-terror drive, but added, "the struggle
against terrorists must tie in with the opening of a negotiating table in order to
achieve overall peace in the region."
People’s Republic of China. Chinese President Jiang Zemin offered moral
support for the U.S. efforts to battle terrorism. Chinese officials are cooperating with
the United States on intelligence matters and have pledged to cut off financial flows
to terrorists. China signed the International Convention for the Suppression of
Financing for Terrorism [http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/r54c6.htm] in
November 2001 in New York. China announced that it will provide $150 million
worth of assistance to Afghanistan for its reconstruction.
President Bush visited China in late February 2002, and the two countries
strengthened their will to cooperate in the fight against terrorism. During Bush’s

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visit, the Chinese government approved the opening of an FBI office in Beijing for
the prevention of terrorism, drug trafficking, and organized crimes.
Philippines. Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo committed her
country’s full support to the United States. She offered intelligence sharing,
overflight permission, use of military facilities, logistical support, and food,
medicine, and medical personnel. The Filipino government is currently combating
Abu Sayyaf, a kidnap-for-ransom group known to have past connections to Osama
bin Laden.
The United States has pledged to provide $100 million in security assistance to
the Philippines and has dispatched 660 U.S. troops, including 160 special forces, to
help the Arroyo administration in its campaign against the Abu Sayyaf. Although
polls show overwhelming Filipino public support for U.S. military assistance,
President Arroyo's policy has drawn criticism from leftist and nationalist groups.
President Arroyo has made proposals calling for cooperation in intelligence,
information exchange, and communication.
Poland. As a NATO member, Poland supported the invocation of Article V.
Poland has prepared a contingent of 275 troops, including military engineers and
chemical and biological weapons specialists, to participate in the U.S.-led war on
terrorism. The Polish units are expected to provide a supporting role, but they will
also include members of the country’s elite GROM special operations unit. To date,
51 out of the planned 87 sappers, logistics personnel and commandos from the
GROM unit have been deployed to the conflict region. They will be joined by six
doctors. In addition to troops, Poland has also promised to provide a warship for
logistics purposes. Currently there are five Polish personnel at CENTCOM.
Poland is planning to send combat engineers and logistics platoons to Bagram
and to deploy 20 troops to Kuwait to participate in Maritime Interdiction Operations
(MIO) in the CENTCOM Area of Responsibility.
Portugal. As a NATO member, Portugal supported the invocation of Article
V and pledged full support to the United States, including military help. Currently
two Portuguese personnel are stationed at U.S. CENTCOM.
Portugal has offered to assist in the peacekeeping efforts in Afghanistan. It
currently contributes 20 troops to the ISAF.
Qatar. Qatar has granted the United States use of the large air base Al-Udeid.
The United States has been financing upgrades to the base and also has ground armor
prepositioned in Qatar. Qatar hosts one of the largest U.S. military caches in the
region, but government officials did not share details about the U.S. military
presence, saying only that 1,000 U.S. troops were in the country.
From January 29-31, 2002, the interior minister of Qatar joined counterparts
from Bahrain, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Tunisia in Beirut to
discuss Arab efforts to combat terrorism.

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There are currently three Qatari representatives at U.S. CENTCOM. In addition,
Qatar maintains fighter units on continuous alert providing defensive Combat Air
patrol protection for national and coalition forces in Qatar.
Republic of Congo. President Denis Sassou-Nguesso offered to assist in the
capture of those responsible for the terrorist attacks of September 11th.
Republic of China (Taiwan). The Taiwanese government reaffirmed its
“unwavering and firm” support for the U.S. anti-terrorism campaign. The
government donated relief goods worth more than $16 million to refugees in
Afghanistan. In March, Taiwan said it was prepared to supply the Philippines with
several fighter jets to assist in battling terrorism, if the United States approved it.
Romania. The Romanian Parliament endorsed the government’s decision to
provide air, land and maritime facilities to support U.S. actions. Romania plans to
contribute both mine clearing equipment and engineers to support the U.S.-led
operation in Afghanistan.
Romania is contributing 30 troops, including police and intelligence officers,
to the ISAF. At this time, Romania is the only East European country to send
military police to Afghanistan. President Iliescu has also announced that, if needed,
Romania is prepared to provide an additional 300-400 troops.
Russia. Russia has cooperated with U.S. requests for intelligence sharing and
has supplied weapons, including some $45 million in Soviet-made guns, artillery, and
tanks, to Northern Alliance fighters. There were also reports that Russian ground
forces were involved in operations in Afghanistan. Russian President Vladimir Putin
withdrew initial objections to the U.S. military presence in Central Asian countries
neighboring Afghanistan.
The Russian government opened three Russian air corridors for humanitarian
assistance to the war zone. Russia has already transported more than 420,000 tons
of food and 2,100 tons of medicine to Afghanistan. In November, Russia established
the first coalition hospital in Kabul. In January 2002, the hospital was turned over to
local authorities.
President Putin signed a decree to prevent and block the financing of terrorist
organizations. This act followed the adoption of the U.N. Security Council
Resolution 1373 [http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/sc2001.htm], which envisaged
practical measures to ward off acts of terrorism.
Saudi Arabia. The Saudi government and the United States have agreed not
to publicly detail Saudi cooperation. Saudi Arabia, home to the bin Laden family,
reportedly provided the United States with intelligence information and has allowed
overflights, refueling operations, and logistical support for U.S. operations. Reports
also indicate that Saudi Arabia allows the use Prince Sultan Air Base for coordination
of air operations over Afghanistan.
Saudi Arabia has pledged $220 million in humanitarian assistance to
Afghanistan over the next three years.

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CRS-24
Recent reports suggest that the Saudis have moved to restrict the funding of
identified terrorist groups. In the first such joint U.S.-Saudi designation, Saudi
Arabia, in early March, shut down branches of the Riyadh-based charity, Al-
Haramain Islamic Foundation, in Somalia and Albania.
Singapore. Singapore has been a firm supporter of the U.S. war to root out
the Al Qaeda network in Southeast Asia. In December 2001, Singapore’s Internal
Security Department arrested 15 suspects, some of whom trained at an Al Qaeda
camp in Afghanistan, for alleged involvement in plans to bomb several American
sites in Singapore.
Other measures Singapore has taken to combat terrorism include outlawing
Osama Bin Laden and militant Muslim groups in Singapore and introducing
legislation to prevent money laundering.
Slovakia. Slovakia offered to allow U.S. planes use of its air space en route
to the conflict zone.
Somalia. Somalia has been host to Al Qaeda activities since 1993. That year,
bin Laden sent several top operatives to Somalia to aid a local warlord, Mohamed
Farah Aideed. After the U.S. withdrawal, Al Qaeda continued to use Somalia as a
base of operation. According to intelligence sources, preparations were made in
Somalia for the bombing of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.
Today, Somalia is regarded as a possible alternative haven for bin Laden and his
Al Qaeda network. The country is remote, lacks an effective government, and is
accessible by sea.
U.S. forces, including Green Beret commandos, are currently training for
missions in Somalia. The U.S. military continues to receive briefings on the warlords
who control the nation and which of them may harbor Al Qaeda members. The only
known U.S. military insertion into Somalia since September 11 was in early
December when a handful of officials in civilian clothes met with warlords in the
country’s south.
South Africa. While it has agreed to provide intelligence support, the South
African government declined to offer military support to the United States in the war
against terrorism, stating that it would only do so if called on by the United Nations.
Director General of Foreign Affairs Sipho Pityana reported that his country would
not allow U.S. warships to dock in South African ports for the duration of the
military campaign against Afghanistan, stating that “our position is that our
cooperation in the campaign against international terrorism does not include military
cooperation.”
South Africa is a member of the Commonwealth Committee on Terrorism,
which was established on October 25, 2001.
South Korea. South Korea dispatched approximately 450 military personnel
to support the U.S. military campaign in Afghanistan and sent five personnel to
CENTCOM. South Korea deployed a naval vessel to transport over 500 tons of

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CRS-25
construction material from Singapore to Diego Garcia to support the demand for
Operation Enduring Freedom. South Korean Air Force also transported over 45 tons
of humanitarian relief supplies valued at $12 million. A medical unit, consisting of
90 personnel, was sent to Manas airport in Kyrgyzstan last month.

South Korea pledged $45 million in aid to Afghanistan over a 30-month period.
This will be used to help rebuild Afghanistan’s medical, education, and economic
infrastructure. During President Bush’s visit to South Korea in February, the two
countries reaffirmed the close U.S.-South Korean alliance and the agreement to
cooperate in the war against terrorism. The South Korean government sent a
delegation to Afghanistan in March to discuss ways to assist in the reconstruction of
Afghanistan.

Spain. As a NATO member, Spain supported the invocation of Article V.
Defense Minister Federico Trillo offered the United States the use of Spanish
military bases for any military operation. Under existing agreements, the United
States can already use the Moron air base and the Rota naval base.
Currently there are 9 Spanish personnel at CENTCOM. Spain is scheduled to
send one P-3B to Djibouti, three C-130s to Manas and two frigates to the
CENTCOM Area of Responsibility in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. In
the Spanish hospital in Bagram more than 1,000 patients have been treated.
Spain has also offered forces for peacekeeping purposes. Currently, Spain is
contributing 300 troops to the ISAF.
Spain has actively detained more than 14 people suspected of connections to
Islamic groups linked to bin Laden. Eight of these people have been charged with
ties to September 11. Although Spain is contributing police intelligence to the war
on terrorism, Spanish authorities are reluctant to extradite Al Qaeda terrorist suspects
to the United States to face military tribunals.
Sudan. Bin Laden was based in Sudan from 1991-1996. Secretary of State
Colin Powell has stated that Sudan “has been very cooperative” in sharing
intelligence “among other things” with the United States. Sudanese officials are
helping the FBI and the CIA in their counter-terrorism operations, although Sudan
will not confirm claims by U.S. officials that it has made arrests.
In addition to providing information on bin Laden’s operations, Sudan has also
offered information on money flows. A high-ranking U.S. official reported that
“information sharing by African intelligence services has never been so extensive.”
Sweden. As a neutral country, Sweden is prohibited from taking part in any
military action, but is willing to share intelligence with the United States and its
allies.
Sweden is currently contributing an intelligence unit of 45 personnel and two
C-130 transport aircraft to ISAF. The Swedish Rescue Services Agency provided 20
professionals to assist in logistical support for humanitarian aid distribution.

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CRS-26
Sweden has pledged $100 million in humanitarian aid and reconstruction
assistance for the period 2002-2004. At the Tokyo Conference on Reconstruction in
Afghanistan Sweden contributed over $13 million.
Taiwan (See Republic of China).
Tajikistan. Tajik President Emomali Rahmonov was one of the first presidents
in Central Asia to offer help with the deployment of U.S. forces in Operation
Enduring Freedom. Since October, the United States has established an open-ended
military presence in Tajikistan.
Thailand. The Thai government opened up its airbase to U.S. planes and
pledged to exchange intelligence information in order to block financial flows to
terrorists. The Thai government’s cooperation includes identifying terrorist assets,
reinforcing money-laundering legislation, and passing new anti-terrorism measures.
Thailand has expressed interest in joining the intelligence-sharing network recently
established between Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
Turkey. As a NATO member, Turkey supported the invocation of Article V.
It offered the use of eight air bases, including the large base at Incirlik (which has
been used primarily for humanitarian drops into Afghanistan), and permission to use
Turkish airspace. The Turkish parliament also increased its support for the anti-
Taliban Northern Alliance, including authorizing the deployment of Turkish special
forces and equipment to train anti-Taliban fighters. Turkey was the only partner that
allowed the Guantánamo detainees to land at its bases.
Turkey provided KC-135 aerial refueling for U.S. aircraft in transit to the Area
of Responsibility. One Turkish officer will take a position as a planning officer at the
RAMCC of CENTCOM. In November 2001, Turkey announced that it was sending
90 special forces troops to Afghanistan to help train Northern Alliance forces.
Turkey is also taking an active role in the peacekeeping efforts in Afghanistan.
In February 2002, it deployed 267 troops, an ambulance, a minibus, a mortar gun and
other armored vehicles to the ISAF. This equipment will provide military training for
Afghan military personnel and assistance in rebuilding infrastructure and distributing
aid.
Turkey has expressed willingness to take over leadership of the ISAF from
Britain in April 2002. This would necessitate an increase in the number of Turkish
troops to 1000.
Turkey has made significant efforts to block funding available for terrorism.
Turkey froze the assets of 131 people and companies linked to bin Laden, Al Qaeda,
and associated groups in Egypt, Libya, Uzbekistan, and Somalia.
Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan’s President Saparmurad Niyazov offered his
support to the United States, but he did not make the country’s bases available for
military operations. Turkmenistan allowed U.N. agencies to set up cross-border
operations to move emergency aid from the eastern city of Turkmenabad to
Andkhvoy in northern Afghanistan.

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Ukraine. Ukraine has granted the U.S. overflight permission. The United
States and Ukraine are closely cooperating in the anti-terror campaign on combating
money-laundering and security issues, according to Ukrainian Prime Minister
Anatoliy Kinakh.
United Arab Emirates (UAE). The United Arab Emirates once was one of
only three countries to recognize Afghanistan’s Taliban government. Much of the
money spent on financing the September 11 attacks was reportedly transferred
through the UAE.
Following the September 11 attacks, the UAE cut off ties with the Taliban.
President Sheik Zayad bin Sultan al-Nahyan told President Bush that the UAE was
ready to join a campaign against terrorism. The UAE has provided basing and
overflight permission for all U.S. and coalition forces. UAE C-130 aircraft have
supported humanitarian assistance operations by airlifting supplies into Central Asia.
There are currently three UAE personnel at CENTCOM.
In January 2002, the UAE central bank introduced an anti-money-laundering
law aimed at preventing the transfer or deposit of money with the intent to conceal
its origin.
United Kingdom. As a NATO member, the United Kingdom supported the
invocation of Article V. After the September 11 attacks, Prime Minister Tony Blair
pledged Britain’s full military support to the United States and committed substantial
military forces to the American-led alliance against terrorism. In September, Britain
had over 23,000 troops equipped with heavy tanks, self-propelled guns and missile
launchers, stationed in and around the Persian Gulf state of Oman for long-planned
military exercises with the Omani army. The Royal Navy sent about three dozen
warships, including its largest aircraft carrier with a squadron of Harrier jets and an
assault ship with marines and army commandos aboard, to the Arabian Sea.
Three Royal Navy nuclear attack submarines participated in the initial October
7th attack by firing Tomahawk missiles against terrorist training facilities. Blair also
placed at U.S. disposal the facilities on the British island of Diego Garcia in the
Indian Ocean, which lies within striking distance of Afghanistan. On October 26th
Armed Forces Minister Adam Ingram announced that, although not requested by the
U.S., Britain had placed 200 Royal Marine commandos trained in mountain and
winter warfare “on standby” aboard ships off Pakistan for “precise surgical raids”
against Taliban targets. Another 400 commandos were placed on “high readiness”
in Britain. In addition, an 11-ship naval armada led by the aircraft carrier HMS
Illustrious reportedly linked with U.S. forces in the region after completion of
October exercises in Oman. Units from Britain’s elite Special Air Service actively
served in Afghanistan, subsequently reinforced by 100 British commandos who
arrived at the Bagram airfield in mid-November.
Forty-three British personnel are currently at U.S. CENTCOM. The Royal Air
Force has provided support through aircraft, aerial refueling, Airborne Early
Warning, and Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance.

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In addition to its military contributions, Britain has been playing a leading role
in peacekeeping efforts. Britain has led the ISAF since December 2001 and has
contributed 1,800 troops to it. It has offered to extend its leadership of ISAF beyond
the June 2002 deadline. A company of 40 Commandos and Royal Marines has
conducted mine clearing in Kabul and has provided specialist equipment at Bagram
and Kabul International airports. The British infantry battle group includes a
company of Gurkhas, who are Nepalese soldiers employed by the Armed Forces of
the United Kingdom.
Britain pledged £200 million (about $282 million) in aid over the next five years
to help rebuild Afghanistan. Since September 11, £60 million (about $85.5 million)
has been provided for UK humanitarian assistance, including allocations to U.N.
agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and other NGOs.
Britain has increased police intelligence and action in the war on terrorism. In
Fall 2001, British authorities arrested two Algerians suspected of involvement in
terrorist acts. On January 17, 2002, both men were charged with planning and
financing terrorist activities as part of the Al Qaeda network operating in Britain.
Eleven other men were also arrested on charges of terrorist activities as well as
immigration fraud.
In December 2001, the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 came into
force, enhancing Britain’s legal framework for fighting terrorism.
Britain has required that the assets of 46 suspect organizations and 16
individuals be frozen. In October 2001, the Proceeds of Crime Bill was introduced,
which contains measures to remove illegally gained assets from criminals, including
terrorists.
Uzbekistan. Uzbek authorities have reopened the country’s border crossing
with Afghanistan, a bridge located at Termez. This bridge will be used to transport
much of the humanitarian food assistance needed by the Afghan people. Prior to the
reopening of the bridge, some aid groups were forced to haul supplies on lengthy
trips through Turkmenistan and then into Afghanistan.
Uzbekistan has allowed 1,500 U.S. troops to be based in the country and has
permitted use of an Uzbek airbase. Uzbekistan has also leased IL-76 transport
aircraft to coalition members for the purpose of moving forces and equipment.
On March 12, 2002, Uzbek and American officials signed a “Strategic
Partnership” agreement in Washington, pledging cooperation in economic, legal,
humanitarian and nuclear proliferation matters. The U.S. Export-Import Bank granted
Uzbekistan a $55 million credit guarantee, and the U.S. is tripling foreign aid to
Uzbekistan to $160 million.
Yemen. Officials have indicated that they were willing to participate in an
anti-terrorism coalition, but only under the auspices of an international organization
such as the United Nations. U.S. and Yemeni officials have discussed the training
of Yemeni special operations forces by U.S. personnel to seek out potential terrorists.

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Since September 11, Yemen has increased its intelligence cooperation both in
attempting to track down members of the Al Qaeda network and also in stepping up
cooperation in the USS Cole bombing investigation. In December 2001, government
forces launched attacks on the country’s Marib region in search of suspected Al
Qaeda operatives. While the offensive did not lead to the capture of Al Qaeda
leaders, it did demonstrate what is largely considered a good faith effort on the part
of Yemen to cooperate in the war on terrorism.
Yemen has also taken action to move against foreigners who are studying at the
country’s religious schools and are thought to be tied to Al Qaeda. Over 100
foreigners from countries including Indonesia, Pakistan, Egypt, Libya, Britain,
France, and Somalia have been arrested for overstaying their visas and for other
questionable activities and will be extradited.
Recent statements from the U.S. administration suggest ongoing cooperation
and upcoming U.S. operations in Yemen. The U.S. is set to dispatch a small number
of troops to build a Coast Guard training center in Aden and to train Yemeni military
personnel there. Small amounts of military equipment, most likely radios for field
communication, would probably be provided along with the training.

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