Order Code RS20792
Updated February 14, 2002
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Multilateral Development Banks:
U.S. Contributions FY1990-2002
Jonathan E. Sanford
Specialist in International Political Economy
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Summary
This report shows in tabular form how much the executive branch requested and
how much Congress appropriated during the past 13 years for U.S. payments to the
multilateral development banks (MDBs). It also provides a brief description of the
MDBs and the ways they finance their operations. It will be updated periodically. Three
companion reports provide further information on the MDBs. See CRS Report
RS20793, Multilateral Development Banks: Basic Background, CRS Report RS20791,
Multilateral Development Banks: Procedures for U.S. Participation, and CRS Report
RS20413, IMF and World Bank: U.S. Contributions and Agency Budgets.. For current
funding information, see CRS Issue Brief IB96008, Multilateral Development Banks:
Issues for the 107th Congress.
U.S. Participation in the MDBs
The United States is a member of five MDBs: the World Bank, African Development
Bank (AFDB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (EBRD), and Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). It also belongs to
two similar organizations, the North American Development Bank (NADB) and the
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The latter two agencies are not
discussed in this report.
The MDBs and Their Programs
The MDBs have similar programs, though they all differ somewhat in their
institutional structure and emphasis. Each has a president and executive board that
manages or supervises all their programs and operations. Except for the EBRD, which
makes only market-based loans, all the MDBs make both market-based loans to middle-
income developing countries and concessional loans to the poorest countries. Their loans
are made to governments or to organizations having government repayment guarantees.
In each MDB, the same staff prepares both the market-based and the concessional loans,
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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CRS-2
using the same standards and procedures for both.1 The main differences between them
are the repayment terms and the countries which qualify for them.2
The MDBs also have more specialized facilities which have their own operating staff
and management but report to the bank’s president and executive board. The World
Bank’s International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the IDB’s Inter-American Investment
Corporation (IIC) make loans to or equity investments in private sector firms in
developing countries (on commercial terms) without government repayment guarantees.
The ADB makes similar loans from its market-rate loan account. The World Bank’s
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) underwrites private investments in
developing countries (on commercial terms) to protect against non-economic risk. The
Global Environment Facility (GEF) funds project dealing with international environmental
problems. The Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF) helps Latin American countries
institute policy reforms aimed at stimulating domestic and international investment. It also
funds worker retraining and programs for small- and micro-enterprises. The MIF
originated as part of President Bush’s 1990 Enterprise for the Americas Initiative (EAI.)

Funding MDB Assistance Programs
The MDBs' concessional loans are financed primarily with money donated by their
wealthier member country governments. The IFC and IIC fund their loans and equity
investments partly with money contributed by their member countries and partly with funds
borrowed from commercial capital markets. Loans from the MDBs' market-rate loan
facilities are financed mainly with money borrowed in world capital markets. The member
countries provide a small part of their capital subscriptions (3 to 5 percent of the total for
most MDBs) in the form of paid-in capital. The rest they subscribe as callable capital.
This is a kind of guarantee backing. It is a contingent liability, payable only if an MDB
becomes bankrupt and lacks sufficient funds to repay its own creditors. Callable capital
cannot be called by the banks to provide them with additional loan funds.
Generally, a country’s voting share is directly related to the size of its contribution.
The United States is the largest stockholder in most MDBs. Japan has provided more to
the Asian Fund and African Fund, while two African countries have subscribed larger
shares in the African Bank. Periodically, as the stock of uncommitted funds for an MDB
program begins to run low, the major contributors negotiate a new funding plan that
specifies their new contribution shares.
Table 1 shows the U.S. contribution share and voting share for all MDB programs.
In most banks, countries get a few votes because they are members, regardless of the size
of their capital subscription. Thus, for banks with a large number of small members, the
1 The International Development Association (IDA) is the World Bank’s concessional loan affiliate.
The Asian Development Fund (ADF), African Development Fund (AFDF), and Fund for Special
Operations (FSO) are the comparable programs at the ADB, AFDB, and IDB.
2 MDB market-based loans cost about ½ of 1% more than the rate the banks pay to borrow funds
commercially. Repayment periods vary from 15 to 25 years. IDA and AFDF charge about 3/4
of 1% annually. The IDB charges 1% to 4% (depending on the project and the borrower’s level
of development.) Repayment periods may vary from 30 to 50 years. Most borrowers from the
concessional programs have per capita incomes of less (often much less) than $900 annually.

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voting share of large subscribers such as the United States may be a little smaller than their
share in providing the bank’s resources. Voting shares are the same for both market-based
and concessional loans in the ADB and IDB.
Table 1. U.S. Contribution and Voting Shares in the MDBs
Contribution
Contribution
/Subscription
Voting
/Subscription
Voting
World Bank Group
Inter-American Dev Bank
IBRD
17.8%
16.5%
IDB
30.3%
30.3%
IDA
23.9%
14.9%
FSO
46.8%
30.3%
IFC
22.8%
23.8%
IIC
25.5%
25.1%
MIGA
21.0%
16.2%
MIF
35.3%
29.1%
Asian Development Bank
African Development Bank
ADB
16.1%
13.1%
AFDB
5.7%
5.3%
ADF
12.6%
13.1%
AFDF
13.3%
6.2%
EBRD
10.1%
9.8%
In IDA, by contrast, the donors have separated the issues of voting power and
contributions. In recent decades, they have chosen not to receive more IDA votes in
return for their contributions. Thus, while the United States, Canada, Japan, the countries
of the European Union, and the wealthy Arab oil states have donated 99% of IDA’s
resources, they have 65% of the vote. This is more than enough to protect their interests,
however, as decisions are reached by majority vote. The arrangement diffuses possible
tensions by giving the developing countries a sense that their voices are heard. In the past
two IDA replenishments, the United States has provided about 20% of the new funds.
Before 1976, the United States was the only significant contributor to the IDB’s Fund
for Special Operations, and the FSO was the largest loan program at the Inter-American
Bank. Japan, Canada, the Europeans, and other non-regional countries have since joined
the IDB and the FSO has become a much smaller program. In the last FSO replenishment,
the United States agreed to provide 8% of the new resources. The African Development
Bank controls 50% of the vote in the AFDF, though it has contributed only about 1% of
the concessional loan program’s resources. This maintains a semblance of African control.
The interests of the donors are protected by the fact that a three-quarters majority is
required to approve AFDF loans.
U.S. Appropriations for MDBs
Table 2 shows the amounts of money the Administration has requested and Congress
has appropriated (budget authority) annually since FY1990 for U.S. contributions and
subscriptions to the multilateral banks. The numbers in parentheses are subscriptions to
MDB callable capital. Since 1981, the United States no longer appropriates money to back
its callable capital subscriptions to the MDBs. Rather, Congress includes language in the
annual Foreign Operations Appropriations Acts establishing program ceilings for the
amount of new callable capital the United States may subscribe in each MDB during the
current fiscal year.

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CRS-4
U.S. Contributions or Subscriptions to Multilateral Development Banks, Millions of U.S. Dollars
1990
1991
1992
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
Approp
Approp
Request
Approp
Request
Approp
Request
Approp
WORLD BANK GROUP
Int'l Bank for Reconstruction & Develop
--IBRD capital, paid in
49.8
110.6
70.1
69.1
70.1
62.2
70.1
29.7b
–(IBRD capital, callable)
(1,609.7)
(2,899.6)
(2,267.4)
(2,233..9)
(2,287.4)
(2,010.5)
(2,287.4)
(902.4)
Int'l Development Association (IDA)
960.6
1,031.7a
1,060.0
1,044.3
1,060.0
1,024.3
1,250.0
1,024.3
Int'l Finance Corporation (IFC)
74.6
40.3
40.3
39.7a
50.0
35.8
50.0
35.8
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
--MIGA paid in capital
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
--(MIGA capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
Global Environmental Facility (GEF)
*.*
*.*
-.-
-.-
-.-
30.0
-.-
30.0
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
--ADB ordinary capital, paid in
-.-
-.-
25.5
-.-
51.0
38.0
13.0
13.0
--(ADB ordinary capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
(187.0)
-.-
(187.0)
(278.5)
(95.4)
(95.4)
Asian Development Fund (ADF)
175.0
126.9
175.0
125.0
144.5
62.5
170.0
62.5
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
--AFDB ordinary capital, paid in
9.5
10.1
9.0
8.9
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
--(AFDB ordinary capital, callable)
(134.8)
(135.4)
(134.8)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
African Development Fund (AFDF)
104.6
105.5
135.0
103.9
135.0
103.9
135.0
103.9
INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
--IDB ordinary capital, paid in
31.5
57.5
57.3
56.5
57.3
56.5
57.3
56.2
--(IDB ordinary capital, callable)
-.-
(2,235.1)
(2,235.1)
(2,202.0)
(2,235.1)
(2,202.0)
(2,235.1)
(2,190.0)
Fund for Special Operations (FSO)
63.5
20.9
20.6
20.3
20.6
20.3
20.6
20.2
Inter-American Investment Corp
-.-
13.0
12.5
8.3
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF)
*.*
*.*
100.0
-.-
100.0
90.0
100.0
75.0
EUROPEAN BANK
--EBRD paid in capital
*.*
*.*
70.0
89.0
70.0
60.0
70.0
-.-
--(EBRD capital, callable)
*.*
*.*
(163.4)
(161.0)
(163.4)
(140.0)
(163.4)
-.-
TOTAL MDB APPROPRIATION
1,469.1
1,516.5
1,775.3
1,565.0
1,758.5
1,583.4
1,936.0
1,450.6
SOURCE: Derived from the annual appropriation legislation. Figures in parentheses are callable capital, which is not actually appropriated. (See text.) Asterisks show the MDB
in question did not exist or the United States was not a member in the year indicated. Dashes show that the MDB did exist but no U.S. contribution or subscription was requested
and/or approved by Congress that year.

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CRS-5
1995
1995
1996
1996
1997
1997
1998
1998
Request
Approp
Request
Approp
Request
Approp
Request
Approp
WORLD BANK GROUP
Int'l Bank for Reconstruction & Develop
--IBRD capital, paid in
23.3
23.0
28.2
28.2
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
--(IBRD capital, callable)
(753.0)
(750.0)
(911.4)
(911.4)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
Int'l Development Association (IDA)
1,250.0
1,175.0c
1,368.2
700.0
934.5
700.0
1,034.5
1,034.5
Int'l Finance Corporation (IFC)
88.7
68.7
67.7
60.9
6.7
6.7
-.-
-.-
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
--MIGA paid in capital
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
--(MIGA capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
Global Environmental Facility (GEF)
100.0
-.-
110.0
35.0
100.0
35.0
100.0
47.5
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
--ADB ordinary capital, paid in
-.-
-.-
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
--(ordinary capital, callable)
(647.9)
(647.9)
(647.9)
(647.9)
(647.9)
(647.9)
Asian Development Fund
170.0
168.0
127.2
-.-
150.0
100.0
150.0
150.0
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
--AfDB ordinary capital, paid in
0.1
0.1
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
--(AfDB ordinary capital, callable)
(2.0)
(2.0)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
African Development Fund (AfDF)
125.7
69.9c
127.2
-.-
50.0
-.-
50.0
45.0
INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
--IDB ordinary capital, paid in
52.2
28.1
26.0
26.0
25.6
25.6
25.6
25.6
--(IDB ordinary capital, callable)
(1,614.6)
(1,594.6)
(1,523.8)
(1,523.8)
(1,503.7)
(1,503.7)
(1,503.7)
(1,503.7)
Fund for Special Operations (FSO)
21.6
21.3
20.8
10.0
31.4
10.0
20.8
20.8
Inter-American Investment Corp
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF)
100.0
75.0
100.0
53.8
27.5
27.5
30.0
30.0
EUROPEAN BANK
--EBRD capital, paid in
70.2
69.0
81.9
70.0
11.9
11.9
35.8
35.8
--(EBRD capital, callable)
(163.4)
(161.4
(163.3)
(27.8)
(27.8)
(27.8)
(123.2)
(123.2)
TOTAL MDB APPROPRIATION
2,001.8
1,697.9
2,070.4
997.1
1,350.8
929.9
1,459.9e
1,394.8

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CRS-6
1999
1999
2000
2000
2001
2001
2002
2002
Request
Approp.
Request
Approp.
Request
Approp
Request
Approp
WORLD BANK GROUP
Int'l Bank for Reconstruction & Develop
IBRD capital, paid in
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
(IBRD capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
-.-
Int'l Development Association (IDA)
800.0
800.0
803.4
775.0
836.0
775.0
803.0
792.4
Int'l Finance Corporation (IFC)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
MIGA paid in capital
-.-
-.-
10.0
4.0
16.0
10.0
10.0
5.0
(MIGA capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
(50.0)
(20.0)
(80.0)
(50.0)
(50.0)
(25.0)
Global Environmental Facility (GEF)
300.0
168.0f
143.3
35.8
176.0
108.0
108.0
100.5
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
ADB ordinary capital, paid in
13.2
13.2
13.7
13.7
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
(ordinary capital, callable)
(647.9)
(647.9)
(672.7)
(672.7)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
Asian Development Fund
250.0
210.0
177.0
77.0
125.0
72.0
103.0
98.0
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
AFDB ordinary capital, paid in
-.-
-.-
5.1
4.1
6.1
6.1
5.1
5.1
(AFDB ordinary capital, callable)
-.-
-.-
(80.0)
(64.0)
(64.0)
(64.0)
(80.0)
(80.0
African Development Fund (AFDF)
155.0
128.0
127.0
128.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
IDB ordinary capital, paid in
25.6
25.6
25.6
25.6
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
(IDB ordinary capital, callable)
(1,503.7)
(1,503.7)
(1,503.7)
(1,503.7)
-.-
-.-
-.-
-.-
Fund for Special Operations (FSO)
21.2
21.2
-.-
Inter-American Investment Corp
-.-
-.-
25.0
16.0
34.0
25.0
25.0
18.0
Multilateral Invest. Fund (MIF)
50.0
50.0
28.5
-.-
25.9
10.0
-.-
-.-
EUROPEAN BANK
EBRD capital, paid in
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.8
(EBRD capital, callable)
(123.2)
(123.2)
(123.2)
(123.2)
(123.3)
(123.3)
(123.3)
(123.3)
TOTAL MDB APPROPRIATION
1,650.8e
1,451.3
1,494.4
1,115.0
1,434.8
1,141.9
1,210.1
1,174.8
NOTES:
a. In June 1992, Congress approved legislation (P.L. 102-298) rescinding $32.5 million of the amount previously appropriated for IDA for FY1991 and $4 million appropriated for the IFC
for FY1992. The new IDA number is shown. No rescission of IFC funds was possible, however, as the Administration had already committed all the funds.
b. The IBRD figure for 1994 includes a $27.9 million recission approved by Congress in 1994 in P.L. 103-211.
c. This includes the recission of $60 million for IDA and $62 million for the AFDF passed (P.L. 104-6) in 1995.
d. This was appropriated separately in the 1993 NAFTA Act.
e. The Administration also requested authority to use $52.5 million and $52.8 million, respectively in FY1998 and FY1999, in the bilateral Economic Support Fund for contribution to
the proposed Middle East and North African Development Bank (MENABANK). Congress did not give it this authority.
f. Reduced from $192.5 million by P.L. 106-31.

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