Order Code RS20952
Updated February 6, 2002
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Public Utility Holding Company Act:
Major Statutory Provisions and
Possible Reform Efforts
Michael V. Seitzinger
Legislative Attorney
American Law Division
Summary
The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 regulates holding companies
which have subsidiaries that are electric utility companies or that are engaged in the retail
distribution of natural gas or manufactured gas. Under PUHCA all holding companies
which have subsidiaries that are engaged in the electric utility business or in the retail
distribution of natural or manufactured gas must register with the Securities and
Exchange Commission if they engage in interstate commerce. Several kinds of holding
companies are exempt under the Act from the registration and regulation requirements.
Holding companies required to register with the Securities and Exchange Commission
must disclose information concerning the company’s operations and a description of its
management structure. The Act also places substantive requirements upon the
operations of a covered holding company. Holding companies not exempt from PUHCA
coverage have two other requirements–geographical integration and corporate
simplification.
For a number of years efforts have occurred to reform PUHCA because of the belief
of critics that it has accomplished its goal and that it is no longer warranted. Others
maintain that PUHCA still serves a necessary purpose and that to repeal or significantly
amend it could lead to abuses in the utility industry which the Act currently prevents.
Several bills have been introduced in the 107th Congress to repeal or amend PUHCA.
These bills include H.R. 1101, H.R. 2814, H.R. 3406, S. 206, S. 388, S. 389, and S.
1766.
Background
The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 19351 (PUHCA or the Act) regulates
holding companies which have subsidiaries that are electric utility companies or that are
1 15 U.S.C. §§ 79 et seq.
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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engaged in the retail distribution of natural gas or manufactured gas. The Act defines a
holding company as:
(A) any company which directly owns, controls, or holds with
power to vote, 10 per centum or more of the outstanding voting
securities of a public-utility company or of a company which is a
holding company by virtue of this clause or clause (B) of this
paragraph, unless the Commission, as hereinafter provided, by order
declares such company not to be a holding company; and
(B) any person which the Commission determines, after notice
and opportunity for hearing, directly or indirectly to exercise (either
alone or pursuant to an arrangement or understanding with one or
more other persons) such a controlling influence over the
management or policies of any public-utility or holding company as
to make it necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the
protection of investors or consumers that such person be subject to
the obligations, duties, and liabilities imposed in this chapter upon
holding companies.2
Passage of PUHCA was premised upon such findings as appear in section 1b of the
Act. These findings include concerns of inadequate information provided to investors to
appraise the financial position or earning power of the company, issuance of securities
without approval of the states having jurisdiction over the subsidiary public utility
companies, issuance of securities based upon false information, and the overcapitalization
of operating subsidiaries.3
Because the Securities Act of 19334 and the Securities Exchange Act of 19345 were
enacted to apply generally to the securities markets, Congress believed that PUHCA was
necessary to address the special problems in the area of public utilities. Thus, PUHCA was
enacted “to meet the problems and eliminate the evils ... connected with public-utility
holding companies which are engaged in interstate commerce or in activities which directly
affect or burden interstate commerce....”6 According to one commentator, “[t]he
fundamental purpose of the Act was to free utility operating companies from the absentee
control of holding companies, thus allowing them to be more effectively regulated by the
states.”7
2 15 U.S.C. § 79b(a)(7).
3 15 U.S.C. § 79a(b).
4 15 U.S.C. §§ 77a et seq.
5 15 U.S.C. §§ 78a et seq.
6 15 U.S.C. § 79a(c).
7 Hazen, THE LAW OF SECURITIES REGULATION § 15.1 (2d ed. 1990).

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Major Provisions of PUHCA
Under PUHCA all holding companies which have subsidiaries that are engaged in the
electric utility business or in the retail distribution of natural or manufactured gas must
register with the Securities and Exchange Commission if they engage in interstate
commerce.8 Several kinds of holding companies are exempt under the Act from the
registration and regulation requirements. These exemptions include: (1) a holding
company which derives a material part of its income, is predominantly intrastate, and
carries on its business substantially in the state in which it and all of its subsidiaries are
organized; (2) a holding company which is predominantly a public utility company and
whose operations do not extend beyond the state in which it is organized and states
contiguous to it; (3) a holding company which is only incidentally a holding company; (4)
the holding company is only temporarily a holding company because of acquiring securities
for liquidation or distribution; and (5) the holding company does not derive a material part
of its income from a subsidiary whose principal business is that of a public utility
company.9
Holding companies required to register with the Securities and Exchange
Commission must disclose information concerning the company’s operations and a
description of its management structure. Among the items required by the registration
statement are the charter or articles of incorporation, bylaws, rights of the different classes
of securities, underwriting arrangements under which the securities have been offered,
directors and officers, material contracts, balance sheets, and profit and loss statements.10
However, PUHCA goes beyond the disclosure-type requirements of the Securities
Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Act also places substantive
requirements upon the operations of a covered holding company. Holding companies not
exempt from PUHCA coverage have two other requirements–geographical integration and
corporate simplification.11
8 15 U.S.C. § 79d.
9 15 U.S.C. § 79c(a). Apparently, receiving a PUHCA exemption is not unusual. For example,
in late 1993 Enron applied to the SEC for a type of exemption. Enron requested on December 28,
1993, that the SEC concur in its opinion that Enron Power Marketing, Inc., would not be an
“electric utility company” as defined in 15 U.S.C. section 79b(a)(3) by virtue of entering into
described contracts and described transactions because, Enron argued, the activities did not
constitute the ownership or operation of “facilities used for the generation, transmission, or
distribution of electric energy for sale..” On January 5, 1994, the SEC issued a no-action letter:
Based on the facts and representations in your letter of December 28,
1993, we would not recommend any enforcement action to the Commission
under the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, including section
2(a)(3), against Enron Power Marketing, Inc., in the event that Enron Power
enters into contracts for the purchase and resale of electric power and for
transmission capacity in connection with power marketing transactions as
described in your letter. 1194 SEC No-Act. LEXIS 42.
10 15 U.S.C. § 79e(b).
11 15 U.S.C. § 79k.

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The geographical integration requirement provides that a holding company is limited
to a single integrated electric or gas utility system and other businesses which are
reasonably incidental or economically necessary or appropriate to the operations of the
integrated public utility system. The SEC will permit a registered holding company to
continue to control one or more additional public utility systems if it finds that each of the
additional systems cannot be operated as an independent system without the loss of
“substantial economies”; the additional systems are located in one state, in adjoining
states, or in a contiguous foreign country; and the continued combination of the systems
is not so large as to impair the advantages of localized management, efficient operation,
or the effectiveness of regulation.12
Corporate simplification under PUHCA requires the elimination of corporate
structures or companies which unduly or unnecessarily complicate the structure of a
holding company system or which unfairly or inequitably distribute voting power among
security holders of a holding company system. Further, the SEC is required to take
whatever action necessary to ensure that a holding company ceases to be a holding
company concerning each of its subsidiary companies which itself has a subsidiary
company which is a holding company.13
PUHCA was not intended to eliminate all holding companies and indeed certainly has
not done so. Those remaining public utility holding companies, however, must adhere to
certain constraints. For example, registered holding companies must obtain SEC approval
before it or its subsidiaries acquire any securities, utility assets, or any other interest in any
business.14 SEC approval is also usually required before any person owning 5 percent or
more of the voting securities of a public utility or holding company acquires 5 percent or
more of any other public utility.15
Possible PUHCA Reform
For a number of years there has been discussion to reform PUHCA because of the
belief of critics that it has accomplished its goal and that, with changes in the utility
industry and with other federal and state statutes, the Act is no longer warranted. Others
maintain that PUHCA still serves a necessary purpose and that to repeal or significantly
amend it could lead to abuses in the utility industry which the Act currently prevents.
Several bills have been introduced in the 107th Congress to repeal or amend PUHCA.
These bills include HR 1101, HR 2814, HR 3406, S 206, S 388, S 389, and S 1766.
12 15 U.S.C. § 79k(b)(1).
13 15 U.S.C. § 79k(b)(2).
14 15 U.S.C. § 79i(a)(1).
15 15 U.S.C. § 79i(a)(2).

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