Order Code RL31270
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Internet Statistics: Explanation and Sources
February 6, 2002
Rita Tehan
Information Research Specialist
Information Research Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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Internet Statistics: Explanation and Sources
Summary
The Internet presents a unique problem for surveying users. Since there is no
central registry of all Internet users, completing a census or attempting to contact
every user of the Internet is neither practical nor financially feasible.
Congress may play a vital role in many Internet policy decisions, including
whether Congress should legislate the amount of personally identifiable information
that Web site operators collect and share; whether high-speed Internet access should
be regulated; whether unsolicited e-mail (“spam”) should be restricted; and whether
Congress should oversee computer security cooperation between the federal
government and private industry.
The breadth of these issues demonstrates the Internet’s importance to American
society and its economy. Because of this, it is important to quantify the Internet’s
influence statistically. This is not always easy, because there are a number of factors
which make it difficult to measure the Internet. In evaluating statistics, it is important
to understand how they are compiled, how they are used, and what their limitations
are.

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Contents
Significance of the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Difficulties in Measuring Internet Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Number of Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Estimated Size of the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Number of Web Sites (Domain Names) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Number of Web Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Number of Web Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Invisible Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Selected Web Addresses for Internet Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Related CRS Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Table 1. Internet Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

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Internet Statistics: Explanation and Sources
Significance of the Internet
The Internet’s growth is of concern to Congress because the Internet is now a
significant force in American life. Congress may play a vital role in many Internet
policy decisions, including whether Congress should legislate the amount of
personally identifiable information that Web site operators collect and share; whether
high-speed Internet access should be regulated; whether unsolicited e-mail (“spam”)
should be restricted; and whether Congress should oversee computer security
cooperation between the federal government and private industry. The breadth of
these issues demonstrates the Internet’s importance to American society and its
economy. Because of this, it is important to quantify the Internet’s influence
statistically. This is not always easy, because there are a number of factors which
make it difficult to measure the Internet. In evaluating statistics, it is important to
understand how they are compiled, how they are used, and what their limitations are.
Difficulties in Measuring Internet Usage
The Internet presents a unique problem for surveying users. Since there is no
central registry of all Internet users, completing a census or attempting to contact
every user of the Internet is neither practical nor financially feasible. Internet usage
surveys attempt to answer questions about all users by selecting a subset to participate
in a survey. This process is called sampling. At the heart of the issue is the
methodology used to collect responses from individual users.
The following discussion of survey methodologies is excerpted from the Georgia
Institute of Technology’s GVU’s World Wide Web User Survey Background
Information Web page.1
There are two types of sampling, random and non-probabilistic. Random sampling
creates a sample using a random process for selecting members from the entire
population. Since each person has an equal chance of being selected for the
sample, results obtained from measuring the sample can be generalized to the
entire population. Non-probabilistic sampling is not a pure random selection
process, and can introduce bias into the sampling selection process because, for
example, there is a desire for convenience or expediency. With non-probabilistic
sampling, it is difficult to guarantee that certain portions of the population were
not excluded from the sample, since elements do not have an equal chance of being
selected.
1GVU’s WWW User Survey Background Information. Graphics, Visualization & Usability
Center, Georgia Institute of Technology at [http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/user_surveys/].

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Since Internet users are spread out all over the world, it becomes quite difficult to
select users from the entire population at random. To simplify the problem, most
surveys of the Internet focus on a particular region of users, which is typically the
United States, though surveys of European, Asian, and Oceanic users have also
been conducted. Still, the question becomes how to contact users and get them to
participate. The traditional methodology is to use random digit dialing (RDD).
While this ensures that the phone numbers and thus the users are selected at
random, it potentially suffers from other problems as well, notably, self-selection.

Self-selection occurs when the entities in the sample are given a choice to
participate. If a set of members in the sample decides not to participate, it reduces
the ability of the results to be generalized to the entire population. This decrease
in the confidence of the survey occurs since the group that decided not to
participate may differ in some manner from the group that participated. It is
important to note that self-selection occurs in nearly all surveys of people. Thus,
conventional means of surveying Internet usage are subject to error.
Another difficulty in measuring Internet usage is partly due to the fact that
analysts use different survey methods and different definitions of “Internet access.”
For example, some companies begin counting Internet surfers at age 2, while others
begin at 16 or 18. Some researchers include users who have been on the Web only
within the past month, while others include people who have never used the Internet.2
In addition, definitions of “active users” varies from one market research firm to
another. Some companies count Internet users over 15 years old who surf the Web
at least once every 2 weeks for any amount of time. Other companies count casual
surfers or e-mail browsers in their surveys. To compare forecasts, estimates need to
be adjusted for differing definitions of Internet use and population figures.
Number of Users
Most of the statistics gathered during the early days of the Internet only
concerned the number of hosts connected to the Internet or the amount of traffic
flowing over the backbones. Such statistics were usually collected by large
universities or government agencies on behalf of the research and scientific
community, who were the largest users of the Internet at the time. This changed in
1991 when the National Science Foundation lifted its restrictions on the commercial
use of the Internet. More businesses began to realize the commercial opportunities
of the Internet, and the demand for an accurate accounting of the Internet’s
population increased.
The UCLA Internet Report 2001, Surveying the Digital Future, provides a
comprehensive year-to-year view of the impact of the Internet by examining the
behavior and views of a national sample of 2,006 Internet users and nonusers, as well
as comparisons between new users (less than one year of experience) and very
experienced users (five or more years of experience).3 Among the report’s findings:
2Lake, David. Spotlight: How Big Is the U.S. Net Population? The Standard, November 29,
1999.
3Surveying the Digital Future: the UCLA Internet Report Year Two. UCLA Center for
(continued...)

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72.3% of Americans have some type of online access, up from 66.9% in 2000. Users
go online an average of 9.8 hours per week, an increase from 9.4 hours in 2000.
A study by Nielsen/Net Ratings which measured the Internet populations in 30
countries, estimates that some 459 million people in 27 nations have Internet access.
It reports that the United States and Canada account for 40% of the world’s online
population, down from 41% in the first quarter of 2001. Twenty-seven percent of the
total is in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, followed by the Asia-Pacific region’s
20% and Latin America’s 4%.4
According to the May 2001 The Face of the Web II: 2000-2001, an annual study
of Internet trends by international research firm Ipsos-Reid, Americans have
dominated the Web since its inception, but their share as Internet users fell from 40%
to 36% over the last year and will continue to drop as the Internet grows faster in
other parts of the world.5
Various research and consulting firms have estimated the number of U.S.
Internet users to be between 164 and 166 million in the period July-August 2001
(approximately 59% of the U.S. population).6 These figures do not include military
computers, which for security reasons are invisible to other users. Many hosts
support multiple users, and hosts in some organizations support hundreds or
thousands of users.
The Census Bureau began tracking Internet usage in 1997. In September 2001,
it released the results of an August 2000 survey, which revealed that 42% of all U.S.
households could log on to the Internet in 2000, up from 18% in 1997. Over half of
the country’s 105 million households have computers.7 (The data should not be
confused with results from Census 2000, which did not include questions on computer
access and Internet use.)
3(...continued)
Communication Policy, November 29, 2001.
See [http://www.ccp.ucla.edu/pages/NewsTopics.asp?Id=27].
4Nielsen//Netratings Reports That 459 Million People Have Internet Access Worldwide.
Nielsen Net-Ratings press release. August 27, 2001.
See [http://www.eratings.com/news/20010827.htm].
5As the Internet Moves into Post-Revolutionary Phase America’s Share of Global Users
Declines. Ipsos-Reid press release, May 15, 2001.
See [http://www.angusreid.com/media/content/displaypr.cfm?id_to_view=1229].
6How Many Online? Nua Internet Surveys. Regularly updated.
See [http://www.nua.ie/surveys/how_many_online/n_america.html].
7Home Computers and Internet Use in the United States: August 2000. U.S. Bureau of the
Census, September 6, 2001. See the report and press release at the Computer Use and
Ownership/Current Population Survey Reports (CPS August 2000) page at
[http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/computer.html].

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Estimated Size of the Internet
Estimates of the present size and growth rate of the Internet also vary widely,
in part based on what measurement is defined and used. Several of the most common
indicators are:
! Domain name—the part of the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that tells a
domain name server where to forward a request for a Web page. The domain
name is mapped to an Internet Protocol (IP) address (which represents a
physical point on the Internet).
! Host computer—any computer that has full two-way access to other
computers on the Internet. A host has a specific "local or host number" that,
together with the network number, forms its unique IP address.
! Web host—a company in the business of providing server space, Web services,
and file maintenance for Web sites controlled by individuals or companies that
do not have their own Web servers.
! Web page—a file written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Usually,
it contains text and specifications about where image or other multimedia files
are to be placed when the page is displayed. The first page requested at a site
is known as the home page.
Number of Web Sites (Domain Names)
One problem in measuring the size of the Internet is that many domain names are
unused. An individual or organization might buy one or more domain names with the
intention of building a Web site; other individuals or companies buy hundreds or
thousands of domain names in the hope of reselling them. These domains can be
found with search engines or Web crawlers, but their content is nonexistent or
negligible.
Another reason it is difficult to count the number of Web domains is that some
sites are merely synonyms for other sites. In other words, many domain names point
to the exact same site. For example, barnesandnoble.com and bn.com both point to
the same site. And finally, some sites are mirror sites, which are exact duplicates of
the original site on another server. Usually, these are created to reduce network
traffic, ensure better availability of the Web site, or make the site download more
quickly for users close to the mirror site (i.e., in another part of the world from the
original site).
Number of Web Hosts
The number of Web hosts (computers with Web servers that serve pages for one
or more Web sites) keeps on growing, according to Alexa Research’s Internet
archiving project. Alexa Research was founded in 1996 to analyze multi-terabyte
collections of data which provide Web traffic statistics and links to the best sites on

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CRS-5
the Web. In May 1999, Alexa counted 2.5 million hosts. In September 1999, the
number had risen to 3.4 million.
The number of Web servers exploded from 23,500 in mid-1995 to 22.3 million
by late 2000.8 The Internet is now growing at a rate of about 40% to 50% annually
(for machines physically connected to the Internet), according to data from the
Internet Domain Survey, the longest-running survey of Internet host computers
(machines connected to the Internet). Such exponential growth has led to the
expansion of the Internet from 562 connected host computers in 1983 to 109.5 million
such computers in January 2001.9
Another way to think about growth in Internet access is to compare it to other
technologies from the past. It took 38 years for the telephone to penetrate 30% of
U.S. households. Television took 17 years to become that available. Personal
computers took 13 years. Once the Internet became popular because of the World
Wide Web, it took less than 7 years to reach a 30% penetration level.10
Although the number of people using the Internet can only be estimated, the
number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately. A host computer is any
computer that has full two-way access to other computers on the Internet. The
growth of Internet hosts is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Internet Hosts
Date
Number of Internet Hosts
1969
4
April 1971
23
August 1981
213
August 1983
562
December 1987
28,174
July 1988
33,000
July 1989
130,000
October 1990
313,000
July 1991
535,000
July 1992
992,000
July 1993
1,776,000
8Standard & Poor’s Industry Surveys. Computers: Consumer Services and the Internet.
March 1, 2001, p. 13.
9Number of Internet Hosts. Network Wizards, January 2001.
See [http://www.nw.com/zone/host-count-history].
10State of the Internet: USIC’s Report on Use & Threats in 1999. U.S. Internet Council,
April 1999. See [http://www.usic.org/].

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Date
Number of Internet Hosts
July 1994
2,217,000
July 1995
6,642,000
January 1996
9,472,000
January 1997
17,753,266
January 1998
29,670,000
January 1999
43,230,000
June 1999
56,218,000
January 2000
72,398,092
January 2001
109,574,429
July 2001
125,888,197
Source: Internet statistics are compiled by Mark Lottor of
Network Wizards.
Notes: The Internet Domain Survey attempts to discover every
host on the Internet by doing a complete search of the Domain
Name System (DNS).
It is sponsored by the Internet Software Consortium, whose
technical operations are subcontracted to Network Wizards.
Survey results are available from Network Wizards. See
[http://www.isc.org/ds/WWW-200101/index.html].
Packet traffic, a measure of the amount of data flowing over the network,
continues to increase exponentially. Traffic and capacity of the Internet grew at rates
of about 100% per year in the early 1990s. There was then a brief period of explosive
growth in 1995 and 1996. Prior to 1996, most people relied on National Science
Foundation (NSF) statistics which were publicly available. However, as the Internet
grew, the percentage of traffic accounted for by the NSF backbone declined, so that
data became a less reliable indicator over time. Since the NSFnet shut its doors in
1996, there has been no reliable and publicly available source of Internet packet traffic
statistics.11 Most network operators keep their own traffic statistics a secret, for
proprietary reasons.
Certain experts once estimated that Internet traffic doubled every 3 or 4 months,
for a growth rate of 1,000% per year. For a claim that is so dramatic and quoted so
widely, there have been no hard data to substantiate it. This figure is probably a result
of a misunderstanding of a claim in a May 1998 Upside magazine article by John
Sidgemore, then CEO of UUNet (now WorldCom), claiming that the bandwidth of
UUNet’s Internet links was increasing 10-fold each year (implying a doubling every
11Odlyzko, Andrew. Internet Growth: Myth and Reality, Use and Abuse. Information
Impacts Magazine, November 2000.
See [http://www.cisp.org/imp/november_2000/odlyzko/11_00odlyzko.htm].

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3 or 4 months). Growth of capacity in one of the Internet’s core backbones cannot
explain the growth rate of the Internet as a whole.12
An August 2001 article in Broadband World surveyed five Internet experts on
the subject of Internet growth.13 The consensus among them is that it is more likely
that, at the least, the Internet is not quite doubling every year, and at most it is
doubling every 6 months.
Number of Web Pages
Researchers at the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) are conducting a
study to determine the structure, size, usage, and content of the Web. In October
2001, OCLC’s Web Characterization Project published the results of a June 2001
study which found that there were 3.1 million public Web sites worldwide in 2001
(the public Web is “a distinct location on the Internet offering unrestricted public
access to content via Web protocols”). OCLC says that these Web sites represent
36% of the Web as a whole. Overall, there are 8.7 million Web sites worldwide, a
number that consists of public sites, duplicates of these sites, sites offering content for
a restricted audience, and sites that are “under construction.”
OCLC notes that the growth rate of public Web sites has declined over the past
several years. Between 1997 and 2000, the number of public sites grew annually by
about 700,000, but between 2000 and 2001, the increase was only about 200,000.
About half of the sites sampled in the 2001 survey were provided by organizations or
persons located in the United States, 5% by German organizations, and 4% each by
Canadian and Japanese organizations. About 75% of all public sites in 2001
contained some content in English. 14
In March 2001, Alexa Research estimated that there were 4 billion publicly
accessible Web pages. Every 2 months, Alexa “crawls” or surveys the entire Web and
counts the number of unique top-level pages. Whatever page shows up at
“www.example.com” is considered a top-level page. Alexa then counts these pages,
removing duplicates for an estimate of total unique Web pages.15
The Internet Archive, working with Alexa Internet and the Library of Congress,
has created the Wayback Machine, unveiled on October 24, 2001. The Wayback
Machine is a new digital library tool which goes “way back” in Internet time to locate
12Hold, Karen. Perception Is Reality. Broadband World, August 2001.
13Ibid.
14OCLC Research Project Measures Scope of the Web. OCLC press release, September 8,
1999. See [http://wcp.oclc.org/main.html].
15The Internet Archive: Building an ‘Internet Library.’ Internet Archive, March 10, 2001, at
[http://www.archive.org/]. See also: “FAQs About the Internet Collections” at
[http://www.archive.org/exec/faqsidos/about/faqs.html].

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archived versions of over 10 billion Web pages dating to 1996.16 The Internet
Archive and Alexa Internet recently unveiled this free service, which provides digital
snapshots from its archives that reveal the origins of the Internet and how it has
evolved over the past 5 years. Although the project attempts to archive the entire
publicly available Web, some sites may not be included because they are
password-protected or otherwise inaccessible to automated sofware “crawlers”
(programs that visit Web sites and read their pages and other information in order to
create entries for a search engine index. The major search engines on the Web all
have such programs, which are also called “spiders” or “bots”). Sites which don’t
want their Web pages included in the archive can put a robots.txt file on their site and
crawlers will mark all previously archived pages as inaccessible. The archive has been
crawling faster over the years and technology is getting cheaper over time, but the
project is still very much a work in progress.
In July 2000, Cyveillance, an Internet consulting company, estimated that there
were 2.1 billion unique, publicly available Web pages on the Internet.17 Cyveillance
states that the Internet grows by 7.3 million pages each day, which means that it
would have doubled in size by early 2001. The study also found that of the more than
350 million links considered, about 10½% generated broken link error messages.
In May 2000, researchers at IBM, Compaq, and AltaVista conducted a study
which argues against the widely held impression that the entire Internet is highly
connected.18 The study looked at roughly 200 million Web pages and the 5 billion
links to and from each page. On the basis of their analysis, the researchers set out a
“bow tie theory” of Web structure, in which the World Wide Web is fundamentally
divided into four large regions, each containing approximately the same number of
pages.
The researchers found that four distinct regions make up approximately 90% of
the Web (the bow tie), with approximately 10% of the Web completely disconnected
from the entire bow tie. The “strongly-connected core” (the knot of the bow tie)
contains about one-third of all Web sites. These include portal sites like Yahoo, large
corporate sites like Microsoft, and popular news and entertainment destinations. Web
surfers can easily travel between these sites via hyperlinks; consequently, this large
“connected core” is at the heart of the Web.
One side of the bow contains “origination” pages, constituting almost
one-quarter of the Web. Origination pages are pages that allow users to eventually
reach the connected core, but that cannot be reached from it. The other side of the
bow contains “termination” pages, constituting approximately one-fourth of the Web.
16Mayfield, Kendra. Wayback Goes Way Back on Web. Wired News, October 29, 2001.
See [http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,47894,00.html].
17Size of Net Will Double Within Year. eMarketer, July 11, 2000.
See Internet Exceeds 2 Billion Pages. Cyveillance press release, July 10, 2000, at
[http://www.cyveillance.com/newsroom/pressr/000710.asp].
18Altavista, Compaq, and IBM Researchers Create World’s Largest, Most Accurate Picture
of the Web. IBM Research Almaden News press release, May 11, 2000.
See [http://www.almaden.ibm.com/almaden/webmap_release.html].

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Termination pages can be accessed from the connected core, but do not link back to
it. The fourth and final region contains “disconnected” pages, constituting
approximately one-fifth of the Web. Disconnected pages can be connected to
origination or termination pages but do not provide access to or from the connected
core.
This surprising pattern became apparent almost immediately. “About half the
time, we’d follow all the links from a page and the whole thing would peter out fairly
quickly,” according to Andrew Tomkins, a researcher at IBM’s Almaden Research
Center. “The other half of the time, the list of links would grow and grow and
eventually we’d find 100 million other pages—half of the whole universe.”19
In January 2000, researchers at NEC Research Institute and Inktomi completed
a study that estimated that the Web has more than one billion unique pages.20
Interestingly, although Inktomi has crawled more than a billion pages on the Web,
Inktomi’s chief scientist commented at a search engine conference that “[i]t was
difficult to find 500 million legitimate pages after culling duplicates and spam. We
found 445 million, but had to go digging to get the index to 500 million.”21 A number
of facts have emerged from the study:
Number of documents in Inktomi database: over one billion
Number of servers discovered: 6,409,521
Number of mirrors (identical Web sites) in servers discovered: 1,457,946
Number of sites (total servers minus mirrors): 4,951,247
Number of good sites (reachable over 10-day period): 4,217,324
Number of bad sites (unreachable): 733,923
Top level domains: .com - 54.68%; .net -7.82%; .org - 4.35%; .gov - 1.15%;
.mil - 0.17%
Percentage of documents in English: 86.55%
Percentage of documents in French: 2.36%
Invisible Web
In addition, it is necessary to account for the “invisible Web” (databases within
Web sites). According to an August 2000 study by BrightPlanet, an Internet content
company, the World Wide Web is 400 to 550 times bigger than previously
estimated.22 In 2000, AltaVista estimated the size of the Web at about 350 million
pages; Inktomi put it at about 500 million pages. According to the BrightPlanet
19Study Reveals Web as Loosely Woven. New York Times, May 18, 2000.
See [http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/05/circuits/articles/18webb.html].
20Web Surpasses One Billion Documents. Inktomi press release, January 18, 2000.
See [http://www.inktomi.com/new/press/2000/billion.html].
21Sherman, Chris. ‘Old Economy’ Info Retrieval Clashes with ‘New Economy’ Web Upstarts
at the Fifth Annual Search Engine Conference. Information Today, April 24, 2000.
See [http://www.infotoday.com/newsbreaks/nb000424-2.htm].
22The Deep Web: Surfacing Hidden Value. Bright Planet, July 2000.
See [http://www.completeplanet.com/help/help_deepwebFAQs.asp].

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study, the Web consists of hundreds of billions of documents hidden in searchable
databases unretrievable by conventional search engines—what it refers to as the “deep
Web.” The deep Web contains 7,500 terabytes of information, compared to 19
terabytes of information on the surface Web. A single terabyte of storage could hold
each of the following: 300 million pages of text, 100,000 medical x-rays, or 250
movies.23
Search engines rely on technology that generally identifies “static” pages, rather
than the “dynamic” information stored in databases. When a Web page is requested,
the server where the page is stored returns the HTML document to the user’s
computer. On a static Web page, this is all that happens. The user may interact with
the document through clicking available links, or a small program (an applet) may be
activated, but the document has no capacity to return information that is not
pre-formatted. On a dynamic Web page, the user search (often through a form) for
data contained in a database on the server that will be assembled on the fly according
to what is requested.
Deep Web content resides in searchable databases, from which results can only
be discovered by a direct query. Without the directed query, the database does not
publish the result. Thus, while the content is there, it is skipped over by traditional
search engines which cannot probe beneath the surface. Some examples of Web sites
with “dynamic” searchable databases are THOMAS (legislative information), PubMed
and MEDLINE (medical information), SEC corporate filings, yellow pages, classified
ads, shopping/auction sites, and library catalogs.
Conclusion
In summary, it is difficult to precisely quantify the growth rate of the Internet.
Different research methods measure different growth factors: search engines measure
the number of pages their crawlers can index, the Internet Domain survey attempts
to count every host on the Internet, and computer scientists survey Web sites to
locate both publicly-available Web content and “invisible” databases. It is important
to understand what is being measured and when it was measured. Many of these
surveys do not overlap and their results cannot be compared. They provide useful
snapshots of Internet size or growth at a particular time, but one shouldn’t assign
more significance to them than is warranted.
23The Life Cycle of Government Information: Challenges of Electronic Innovation. 1995
FLICC Forum on Federal Information Policies, Library of Congress, March 24, 1995.
See [http://lcweb.loc.gov/flicc/forum95.html].

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Selected Web Addresses for Internet Statistics
General demographic information
[http://www.nua.ie/surveys/]
Nua Internet Surveys—How Many Online
[http://www.nua.ie/surveys/how_many_online/index.html]
Internet Domain Survey (Network Wizards)
[http://www.isc.org/ds]
Internet Facts and Stats (Cisco Systems)
[http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/govtaffs/factsNStats/index.html]
Related CRS Products
Broadband Access
CRS Issue Brief IB10045, Broadband Internet Access: Background and Issues.
CRS Report RL30719, Broadband Internet Access and the Digital Divide: Federal
Assistance Programs.
Computer Security
CRS Report RL30153, Critical Infrastructures: Background and Early
Implementation of PDD-63.
CRS Report RL 30735, Cyberwarfare.
Domain Name Management
CRS Report 97-868, Internet Domain Names: Background and Policy Issues.
Electronic Commerce and Internet Taxation
CRS Report RS20426, Electronic Commerce: An Introduction.
CRS Report RL31177, Extending the Internet Tax Moratorium and Related Issues.
CRS Report RL31158, Internet Tax Bills in the 107th Congress: A Brief
Comparison.
Electronic Government
CRS Report RL30745, Electronic Government: A Conceptual Overview.
CRS Report RL31088, Electronic Government: Major Proposals and Initiatives.

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Information Technology in Schools
CRS Electronic Briefing Book, Information Technology and Elementary and
Secondary Education.

CRS Report 96-178, Information Technology and Elementary and Secondary
Education: Current Status and Federal Support.

CRS Report 98-969, Technology Challenge Programs in the Elementary and
Secondary Education Act.
CRS Report 98-604, E-Rate for Schools: Background on Telecommunications
Discounts Through the Universal Service Fund.
Internet Privacy
CRS Report RL30784, Internet Privacy: An Analysis of Technology and Policy
Issues.
CRS Report RL30322, Online Privacy Protection: Issues and Developments.

CRS Report RL30671, Personal Privacy Protection: The Legislative Response.
Junk E-mail (“spam”)
CRS Report RS20037, "Junk E-mail": An Overview of Issues and Legislation
Concerning Unsolicited Commercial Electronic Mail ("Spam").

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