Order Code IB10043
CRS Issue Brief for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Farm Economic Relief:
Issues and Options for Congress
Updated August 22, 2000
Jasper Womach and Geoffrey S. Becker
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

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CONTENTS
SUMMARY
MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS
Overview
Economic Situation
Previous Farm Relief Legislation
Policy Setting
Trade Considerations
Freedom to Farm and the “Farm Safety Net”
Administration Views
Recent Congressional Developments
Supplemental Farm Aid in the Crop Insurance Reform Law
Crop Insurance Provisions in the Reform Law
Supplemental Funds in Pending Appropriations Bills
Other Long Term Options

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Farm Economic Relief:
Issues and Options for Congress
SUMMARY
In response to low prices, natural disas-
finances price and income support programs.
ters, and other farm-related problems, Con-
Analysts now expect that CCC outlays for
gress has, over 3 successive years, provided a
FY2000 will exceed $32 billion, eclipsing the
total of about $23 billion in supplemental aid
previous record of nearly $26 billion set in
– in addition to funds already programmed
FY1986.
through the 1996 farm bill (P.L. 104-127).
The most recent aid was attached to a crop
Not all producers have received federal
insurance reform bill signed into law on June
farm subsidies. Indeed, critics charge that
22, 2000 (P.L. 106-224). This Agriculture
farm income support policy as implemented by
Risk Protection Act of 2000 includes $7.113
the 1996 farm bill and supplemented by recent
billion for additional farm income and related
emergency assistance does not necessarily
assistance, of which $5.5 billion is to be spent
reach farms in need, while those not in need
in FY2000.
may receive such assistance. Others point out
that farm support is to preserve the productive
This latest assistance follows a series of
and competitive integrity of the sector, not be
relief efforts that began in 1998. The 105th
welfare for individual farms.
Congress included nearly $6 billion in emer-
gency farm aid in the omnibus FY1999 appro-
The Administration proposed changes in
priations law (P.L. 105-277). The 106th Con-
current farm commodity programs with the
gress provided more assistance. The FY1999
release of its FY2001 budget proposal. The
supplemental appropriation (P.L. 106-31)
centerpiece of these recommendations is the
included $574 million in farm assistance.
Supplemental Income Assistance Program
Another supplemental aid package, totaling
(SIAP) budgeted at $2.464 billion in FY2001.
about $8.7 billion, was incorporated into the
The plan so far has attracted little support in
FY2000 USDA appropriations bill (P.L. 106-
Congress. Meanwhile, the House Agriculture
78, Title VIII, October 22, 1999). An addi-
Committee has been holding hearings on farm
tional $576 million, largely for Hurricane
programs and policies, raising at least the
Floyd farm victims, was included in H.R. 3425
possibility of changes in the 1996 bill prior to
and incorporated into the Consolidated Appro-
its expiration in 2002.
priations Act for FY2000 (P.L. 106-113,
November 29, 1999).
Farm risk management changes have
progressed with final adoption of crop insur-
Counting 1996 programmed funding, plus
ance legislation (P.L. 106-224, H.R. 2559).
money from the aid packages, direct farm
Besides the $7.113 billion in supplemental aid
payments reached $22.7 billion in calendar
attached to the bill, it also provides $7.219
year 1999 — the highest ever — helping to
billion in new federal crop insurance spending
offset losses due to low commodity prices.
over 5 years by, among other things, offering
Another measure of public support to the farm
higher premium subsidies to attract more
sector is fiscal year spending by USDA’s
farmers to the program.
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), which

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MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
On June 22, 2000, the President signed the Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000
(P.L. 106-224, H.R. 2559). Originally a crop insurance reform bill, authorizing $7.219
billion in new crop insurance spending over 5 years, an amendment adopted by conferees
adds $7.113 billion in supplemental farm income and related agricultural assistance. The
farm assistance provisions specify that $5.5 billion is to be used in FY2000 and most of the
remainder in FY2001. This follows the $9.3 billion in emergency and disaster assistance
already provided in two earlier FY2000 appropriations bills. The crop insurance title
provides for higher premium subsidies to attract more farmers to the program and higher
coverage for producers with multi-year losses.
Meanwhile, regular FY20001 USDA appropriations bills (H.R. 4461; S. 2536) cleared
both the House and Senate during July and await a likely conference agreement and final
enactment during September. Additional supplemental farm aid could be added to the
measure prior to final passage; for example, the Senate version contains a total of more than
$1.5 billion for dairy, livestock, and crop producers.
BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS
Overview
The last omnibus farm bill, the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform (FAIR)
Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-127), prescribed farm commodity support policy through 2002. The
key farm income support feature was Agricultural Market Transition Act (AMTA) payments
(also called “contract payments” and “freedom to farm” payments), which total about $36
billion over 7 years. The fixed annual AMTA payments gradually decline each year. As
prescribed by law, about $5.5 billion in payments were made in FY1999, and $5.1 billion are
programmed for FY2000. (See CRS Report RS20271, Support Programs for Major Crops:
Description and Experience.)
Low commodity prices coupled with natural disasters in some major growing regions
(which cut many farmers’ income) prompted the 105th Congress to include nearly $6 billion
in additional “emergency” farm assistance in the omnibus FY1999 appropriations law (P.L.
105-277), over and above the levels authorized under the 1996 farm bill. The 106th Congress
passed another major supplemental package of $8.7 billion in emergency farm relief in the
FY2000 USDA appropriation act (P.L. 106-78, H.R. 1906; H. Rept. 106-354), enacted
October 22, 1999. Additional farm assistance, amounting to $576 million, was included in
the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2000 (P.L. 106-113). The $576 million were
targeted primarily at eastern producers hurt by Hurricane Floyd and by drought in 1999. [See
also CRS Report RL30201, Appropriations for FY2000: U.S. Department of Agriculture and
Related Agencies, and CRS Report RS20389, Emergency Farm Assistance in the FY2000
Agriculture Appropriations Act (P.L. 106-78).]
Again in 2000, Congress is providing additional farm income support. Recognizing that
additional assistance likely would be forthcoming and avoiding the requirement for an
emergency designation, the congressional budget resolution (H.Con.Res. 290) reserved $7.14
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billion expressly for additional income assistance for farmers. Of the total, $5.5 billion was
set aside for the current fiscal year (FY2000). Instead of providing this money through either
the annual USDA appropriation or a supplemental spending bill, House and Senate conferees
attached it to an authorizing bill, the crop insurance reform legislation (H.R. 2559), which was
signed into law on June 22, 2000 (Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000, P.L. 106-224).
Some additional assistance also might come later in this session through the pending FY2001
USDA appropriations bill (H.R. 4461, S. 2536).
As with last year, there has been little debate over whether or not additional farm income
assistance is needed. The disagreements have revolved around the design of the assistance
program (who should get it, and what should be the delivery mechanism). A closely related
issue continues to be the adequacy and effectiveness of the 1996 farm bill programs designed
to support and stabilize producer incomes. AMTA accelerated a longer-term policy trend
toward exposing U.S. farmers to the greater opportunities, but also the higher risks, of the
global marketplace. In 3 out of 5 years, AMTA has been supplemented with additional
payments.
The fact that large supplemental payments have been passed for 3 years in a row has
caused a closer critical examination of domestic support policy. From early 1998 through
May 2000 (i.e., counting the latest $7.113 billion), supplemental appropriations for agriculture
and related activities have reached a total of about $23 billion. That represents a 41%
unanticipated increase in spending under the 1996 farm law, which was about $56 billion
exclusive of nutrition programs. So, the debate about future farm policy, designed to begin
in 2002, already is underway. (See also CRS Report RL30501, Appropriations for FY2001:
U.S. Department of Agriculture and Related Agencies.)
Economic Situation
Overall, depressed agricultural export values and low U.S. farm prices will help to hold
total farm commodity receipts to a forecast $194.6 billion in 2000, an improvement from last
year’s $188.6 billion but substantially below the 1997 record high of $207.6 billion. USDA
data show that total livestock receipts have risen, but that prices and receipts for major crops
have not.
U.S. agriculture’s prosperity is heavily dependent on exports, which account for about
20% of the value of U.S. farm production, and for an estimated 30% of all harvested crop
acreage. However, export value is down, from the record of $60 billion in FY1996, to a
projected $50 billion in FY2000. Much of the decline can be explained by financial crises in
key overseas markets, particularly Asia (which had been the fastest growing market for U.S.
farm goods), and in Russia (where U.S. imports declined by about 80% between 1997 and
1998). The high value of the U.S. dollar relative to other exporting countries’ currencies adds
to the competitive difficulties.
USDA forecast data show that 2000 net cash farm income will be substantially up from
1999, largely due to record high direct government payments to farmers. Also, U.S.
agriculture’s overall farm business balance sheet looks strong. According to USDA, the value
of farm real estate and other farm assets has continued to rise, while debt stabilized in 1999
and 2000. Farm debt, measured as a percentage of farm assets (the so-called debt-to-asset
ratio), is forecast by USDA to be 15.5% in 2000, generally regarded by credit experts as a
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highly favorable level. Total income for the average farm operator household (taking into
account off-farm as well as on-farm sources) rose from $52,562 in 1997, to $59,734 in 1998,
to $64,347 in 1999, and a forecast $64,645 in 2000, according to USDA. However, on
average, off-farm income now constitutes over 90% of all household income received by farm
operators.
According to USDA, calendar 2000 direct federal farm payments amounting to $22.7
billion — which exceeded the previous record level of $16.7 billion in 1987 — more than
offset income losses due to low commodity prices. Another measure of public support to the
farm sector is spending by USDA’s Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), which finances
price and income support programs. Analysts now expect that CCC net outlays for FY2000
will exceed $32.3 billion, eclipsing the previous record of nearly $26 billion set in FY1986.
Still, these aggregate figures can mask the financial difficulties faced by some producers,
particularly in certain commodity categories and regions of the country. In the absence of the
recently enacted Agricultural Risk Protection Act, USDA’s Economic Research Service
forecast net cash income to decline from $54.4 billion in 1999 to $49.3 billion in 2000, a 9%
drop of $5.1 billion. (See the most recent monthly issue of Agricultural Outlook, published
by USDA’s Economic Research Service, for more detailed data on farm economic
conditions.)
Previous Farm Relief Legislation
As farm income in some sectors and regions was declining (albeit from generally record
highs in 1996), Congress began to debate the adequacy and design of farm assistance under
the 1996 farm bill. During the summer of 1998, for example, Democrat farm state Senators
attempted several times to win increases in the loan rates for major commodities. Although
these were not adopted, Congress did pass the Emergency Farm Financial Relief Act (P.L.
105-228, signed August 12, 1998), which allowed AMTA contract holders to receive all of
their FY1999 payments ahead of schedule, in October 1998.
Subsequent passage of the FY1999 Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency
Appropriations Act (P.L. 105-277, signed October 21, 1998) contained $5.9 billion in new
emergency spending for USDA programs, most of it to shore up farm income and to
indemnify producers for natural disasters. Nearly $2.9 billion was direct “market loss
payments” (disbursed in late 1998) to compensate grain and cotton producers enrolled in
AMTA for “regional economic dislocation, unilateral trade sanctions and the failure of the
government to pursue trade opportunities aggressively.” Another $200 million was made
available to dairy farmers for the same purposes; USDA released the dairy funds in 1999 after
milk prices declined from 1998's record highs. Another nearly $2.4 billion in the Act was for
direct payments to crop farmers who experienced 1998 disaster-related losses higher than
35% of normal yields or who had losses in 3 of the past 5 years. The money was disbursed
in spring 1999. The rest of the $5.9 billion was designated for livestock disaster assistance
($200 million), commodity loans for honey and mohair ($28 million), and additional funding
for farm operating loans ($31 million to support new lending of $540 million), among other
smaller categories.
More assistance was provided for calendar 1999 through the FY1999 Supplemental
Appropriations Act (P.L. 106-31, signed May 21, 1999). Although primarily for Kosovo
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military operations and for Central American and Midwestern storm victims, the measure also
included $574 million in new funding for USDA farm programs, including $106 million to
support $1.1 billion in farm loans; $145 million for Section 32 assistance for hog producers;
$74 million for livestock disaster assistance; $43 million in USDA salary and expense money
to expedite delivery of disaster aid; and $120 million for conservation programs to restore
farmland and watersheds damaged by natural disasters.
An $8.7 billion emergency farm assistance package was included as Title VIII in the
FY2000 agriculture appropriations act (P.L. 106-78, H.R. 1906, H. Rept. 106-354), signed
into law October 22, 1999. It is estimated that about $6 billion of the $8.7 billion reached
farmers during calendar 1999, with the remainder going out in calendar year 2000.
Table 1. Farm Relief Provisions in Title VIII P.L. 106-78
Provision
Millions
Crop disaster loss payments: coverage for 1999 losses [Sec. 801]
$1,200
Crop market loss assistance: 100% increase in 1999 AMTA payment [Sec. 802]
$5,544
Peanuts: direct payments equal to 5% of the loan rate for quota or additional peanuts
$42
produced in 1999 [Sec. 803(a)]
Sugar: 2-year suspension of assessments (0.2475-cent/lb. on raw cane sugar; 0.2654-
$42
cent/lb. on refined beet sugar) [Sec. 803(b)]
Tobacco: distributions to growers based on formulas in National Tobacco Grower
$328
Settlement Trust [Sec. 803(c)]
Soybeans/oilseeds: payments to 1999 AMTA crop producers [Sec. 804]
$475
Livestock: emphasis on feed losses through grants or other in-kind assistance [Sec. 805
$200
& 825]
Dairy relief: direct assistance as determined by Secretary [Sec. 805 & 825]
$125
Cotton: replenish “Step 2" funding, which provides incentives for U.S. exporters and
$201
processors to buy U.S. cotton when U.S. prices are above world prices [Sec. 806]
Dairy price support: one-year extension of expiring price support program; (also, delay
($102)
of recourse loans results in FY2000 savings) [Sec. 807]
Advance AMTA payments: permits payment of full annual contract payment on Oct. 1
$0
each year rather than in two separate installments [Sec. 811]
Commodity certificates: permits farmers to receive loan deficiency payments as
$0
certificates in lieu of cash. Certificates can be redeemed for USDA commodities or, at
USDA’s discretion, cash; certificates are not subject to payment limits [Sec. 812]
Payment caps: doubles per-person cap on gains from 1999 crop marketing loans and
$0
loan deficiency payments to $150,000 per farm; $300,000 for up to three farms [Sec.
813]
Crop insurance: assist producers to buy more 2000 crop coverage, plus [Sec. 814]
$651
TOTAL:
$8,706
Source: Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates.
In addition to the provisions shown in Table 1, the package includes “sense of Congress”
language calling on the Administration to: request “fast track” trade negotiating authority
from Congress; to use World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations to reduce barriers to
agricultural trade; to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of current U.S. export and food aid
programs; and to use existing authority under these programs to promote the export of
additional quantities of soybeans, beef, pork, and poultry products. Also in the bill are
provisions: mandating that meat packers report, several times per day, the prices they pay for
live animals (for background see CRS Report RS20079, Livestock Price Reporting Issues);
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changing operating and funding procedures for the National Sheep Industry Improvement
Center; and, authorizing USDA’s Farm Service Agency to reserve up to $56 million of the
emergency aid money for administration.
Damage from Hurricane Floyd prompted additional emergency assistance for farmers
and rural communities in the southeast. The FY2000 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L.
106-113), enacted on November 29, 1999, included $576 million for USDA-administered
assistance. (For more information on emergency assistance legislation, see CRS Report
RS20269, Emergency Funding for Agriculture: A Brief History of Congressional Action,
1988-June 1999; and CRS Report RS20416, Emergency Farm Assistance in FY2000
Appropriations Acts.)
Policy Setting
Economic forecasters have long expected weak markets and relatively low farm prices
for major crops to persist through 2000. That prospect led Congress and the President to
propose more assistance to the agricultural sector. (The 2000 election cycle, already well
underway, has added to the momentum.) Most farm policymakers argue that supplemental
assistance, to help farmers cope with low prices and disaster-related problems, is much
needed.
However, some critics take issue with this assertion. It is argued that low prices,
particularly for grains, encourage foreign customers to purchase higher volumes of U.S.
agricultural commodities. Also, lower feed grain prices reduce costs for livestock producers
as they await recovery of export markets. Moreover, it is noted that lower prices ultimately
correct the oversupply problem by discouraging excess production — by overseas
competitors as well as in this country. Finally, opponents contend that U.S. taxpayers already
are making large direct farm payments, even without supplemental farm relief. (Such
payments include AMTA, marketing loan subsidies, disaster payments, and conservation
assistance, among others.) Farm real estate values are continuing to rise and the ratio of debt
to assets is declining with the additional assistance. Economists argue that the federal
assistance is being capitalized into higher land prices and rents at a time when the market is
signaling for a reduction in agricultural investments and production. Furthermore, there is
some criticism that higher farm spending leaves fewer dollars for other national priorities,
such as tax relief, debt reduction, or spending on social programs.
The emergency farm relief measures approved in 1998, 1999, and 2000 advanced the
time frame for payments to farmers and increased the size of payments primarily by utilizing
the farm policy framework established by the 1996 farm bill. That framework benefits farms
that had land in the former grain and cotton programs. Critics argue that AMTA does not
attempt to target assistance to farmers most in need. Farm bill supporters note that market
loss assistance payments is the most efficient method for quickly channeling badly needed
funds to the farm sector. Furthermore, supporters argue, federal farm programs are intended
to maintain the productive and competitive capacity of U.S. agriculture, not serve as welfare
for individually needy farms.
Still, some Members of Congress favor fundamental design changes to current support
programs to make assistance more counter cyclical to market prices, and/or targeted to farms
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in the greatest financial need. Also, among the many questions before policymakers are the
budgetary and trade impacts of additional assistance.
Trade Considerations
U.S. trading partners are watching closely to assess whether the emergency farm
assistance is compatible with U.S. commitments under the Uruguay Round (UR) Agreement
on Agriculture. Generally, that agreement places countries’ domestic farm support programs
into one of several broad categories, based on their relative likelihood to distort trade. Most
major agricultural trading countries are required to “discipline,” (limit) total spending (i.e.,
their aggregate measure of support, or AMS) for their most trade-distorting (so-called “amber
box”) policies. Countries report to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on their domestic
farm spending for each year (although such reports are often submitted 2 to 3 years after the
end of the marketing year in question).
The United States, like virtually all other countries, has been below its allowable annual
levels. U.S. amber box programs have included dairy, peanut, and sugar price supports; crop
marketing loans, loan deficiency payments, and other direct crop payments linked to per-unit
levels of production; storage payments; and crop insurance and loan interest subsidies, among
others. The least trade-distorting programs, in the so-called “green box” category, are
exempt from AMS reductions. These programs include income supports not coupled to
current production, such as AMTA payments; conservation and environmental activities, such
as the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP); farm disaster relief payments; and domestic
food aid.
The UR agreement provides latitude to U.S. policymakers in developing both the
emergency farm measures and proposed changes in long-term farm policy. Many analysts
predict that this latitude will enable the United States to claim that its 1998, 1999, and 2000
supplemental farm payments are exempt from AMS commitments because they are not tied
to current production of a specified commodity. Nonetheless, some member nations of the
WTO could argue that the payments were made specifically in response to current price and
supply conditions and are so large as to affect world trading patterns, thereby undermining
the objectives of the agreement. The question could become a point of contention in the
ongoing negotiations among WTO member nations to further reform agricultural trade –
although the United States might counter that others (notably the EU) continue to subsidize
their farm sectors at much higher levels. (See CRS Report RL30612, Farm Support
Programs and World Trade Commitments, July 26, 2000.)
Freedom to Farm and the “Farm Safety Net”
Supporters of the policy changes made by the 1996 farm law saw benefits to farmers
because it released them from the planting and cropland set-aside requirements of earlier price
support and supply management policies. The new law’s transition (or contract) payments
to farmers were expected to help them while they grew accustomed to making their own
planting and selling decisions based on market supply and demand signals. Policymakers
recognized that farm prices would continue to fluctuate from year to year, as they always
have. However, there also was the expectation that farmers would use some portion of the
transition payments received during high price years as a cushion to help them during low
price periods. Additional risk protection was maintained by continuation of the marketing
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assistance loan programs, revision of the crop insurance program, and adoption of pilot
revenue insurance projects, also authorized by the 1996 farm law.
Opposition to the 1996 farm law — enacted during a period of high farm prices for most
commodities — came from those concerned about farmers if their financial situation
worsened at a time of gradually declining AMTA payments. These opponents had long
viewed the previous farm program as a counter cyclical safety net that would offset price
declines and stabilize farm incomes. Although almost all farmers and policymakers recognize
that the farm economy will always be subject to periods of weak demand and low prices, few
predicted that the recent price declines would be so steep, affect so many commodities, and
last so long.
While some accuse Freedom to Farm of not adequately protecting farmers from low
prices and incomes, few believe that the 1996 law was the cause of these problems. While
some policy makers have argued that Washington should “stay the course” and not change
the basic, market oriented premise of the 1996 farm bill, they also have expressed support for
substantial ad hoc farm aid. Others are calling for more fundamental policy changes, but few
are seeking a return to past supply management and government inventory-holding programs.
Administration Views
The Administration has been among those calling for changes in permanent farm policy.
Secretary Glickman presented the Administration’s proposed changes along with the FY2001
budget sent to Congress in February 2000. The Secretary has criticized the 1996 farm law
for failing to offer “counter-cyclical assistance” to offset low prices, and for not targeting
assistance to smaller farmers and producers most in need.
The “centerpiece” of the Administration’s proposals is a new Supplemental Income
Assistance Program (SIAP) that compensates farmers for current low prices based on actual
production, not on past production as with AMTA payments. It is similar in concept to the
“Supplemental Income Payment” program proposed by Representative Stenholm in H.R.
2792. SIAP would make payments to grain, cotton, and oilseed producers if projected gross
income for the crop falls below 92% of the preceding 5-year average. Gross income would
include gross market revenues plus government payments. Payments to individual farmers
would be based on current production. Annual SIAP payments would be capped at $30,000
per person. Furthermore, SIAP payments would be adjusted downward to zero as AMTA
payments reach and exceed $30,000. SIAP would only make up for the difference that
Agriculture Market Transition Act (AMTA) payments are below $30,000. Legislation also
is requested to extend the dairy price support program to 2002. Plus, the Secretary states his
intention to use his existing authority to preserve grain, cotton, and oilseed marketing
assistance loan rates in 2000 at their 1999 levels, as well as to implement a grain storage
facility loan program for farmers. Together, these so-called farm income support proposals
would cost an estimated $3.264 billion in FY2001 and $2.695 billion in FY2002.
Recent Congressional Developments
So far, the Administration’s proposal has not gained much momentum in Congress. Nor
have other proposals for major changes in the 1996 farm law. However, federal farm policies,
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including the 1996 law and possible alternatives to its basic structure, have been the subject
of extended debate. For example, on August 3, 4, and 5, 1999, Senate Agriculture
Committee Chairman Lugar held 3 days of comprehensive hearings on the farm income
situation. Secretary Glickman was the lead witness at these hearings. The House Agriculture
Committee has been conducting a lengthy series of farm policy hearings that began in
September 1999. The Chairman of the House Committee has indicated that no consensus on
how to change farm policy has emerged from these hearings. Meanwhile, Congress has
continued to make available significant levels of ad hoc aid to the agricultural sector, as
described in the following section. This section also describes a number of other selected
proposals for changing longer-term farm policy.
Supplemental Farm Aid in the Crop Insurance Reform Law
The most recent infusion of supplemental farm assistance, totaling $7.113 billion, was
provided not through appropriations legislation but rather through an amendment – added
during conference – to crop insurance reform, an authorizing bill (H.R. 2559) signed into law
as P.L. 106-224 on June 22, 2000. The funds were made possible with passage of the
FY2001 budget resolution (see “Budgetary Considerations,” above). However, the details
of this supplemental farm spending were not reviewed by the full House and Senate, until they
reached the floor as part of the crop insurance conference report.
As is typical with such measures, some of the spending is earmarked for purposes other
than farm price and income supports, such as grants for research and for marketing assistance,
and conservation and nutrition programs. Other titles of the crop insurance bill also authorize
a new Biomass Research and Development Act (Title III) and enhance USDA’s authorities
to regulate plant health (Title IV), among other things.
Table 2 highlights the major supplemental spending provisions, which are contained in
Title II of H.R. 2559. Of the total in the table, $5.5 billion will be spent in FY2000, including
the $5.466 billion in market loss payments to AMTA contract holders that are required to be
distributed in September 2000, plus $34 million in USDA commodity purchases for the school
lunch program. The balance of the $7.113 billion will be spent in later years, most of it in
FY2001, according to CBO estimates.
Crop Insurance Provisions in the Reform Law
H.R. 2559 initially was passed as crop insurance “reform” legislation. Early in 1999,
many Members of the House and Senate Agriculture Committees indicated that improvements
in crop insurance would be a legislative priority. An important objective was to alter the
program to raise participation and eliminate the need for virtually annual ad hoc emergency
disaster assistance. The bill cleared the House on September 29, 1999. A similar Senate bill
(S. 2251) was adopted March 23, 2000. The Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000 bill
was enacted into law as P.L. 106-224 on June 22, 2000. Title I, Crop Insurance, is estimated
to cost $7.219 billion over the FY2001-05 period. The law contains provisions to: increase
the premium subsidy for all levels of crop insurance above the basic (catastrophic) coverage
level; subsidize some of the additional cost of revenue insurance products; improve coverage
for farmers affected by disasters in multiple years; authorize pilot insurance programs for
livestock producers; and ease eligibility requirements for permanent disaster aid for
noninsurable farmers. (For details see CRS Issue Brief IB10033, Federal Crop Insurance:
Reform Issues in the 106th Congress.)
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Table 2. Selected Farm Relief Provisions in Agricultural Risk Protection Act
Provision
Millions
Market loss assistance (grains/cotton): increase payments to AMTA contract holders
$5,466
[Sec. 201(a)]
Soybeans/oilseeds: payments to producers of 2000 crops [Sec. 202]
$500
Fruits/vegetables: $71 million for the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act reserve
$301
fund and for licensing costs and inspection services so that fees charged to industry
participants do not have to be increased; $200 million to purchase various fruits and
vegetables from producers experiencing low prices in 1998 and 1999; $25 million
compensation for fruit and grape growers for certain disease losses; $5 million in low
interest loans for apple growers [Sec. 203(a-f)]
Peanuts: direct payments of $30.50/ton for quota and $16/ton for additional peanuts
$47
produced in 2000 [Sec. 204(a)]
Tobacco: payments via states to tobacco quota owners, lessees, & growers [Sec. 204(b)]
$340
Honey: recourse loans at 85% of recent market prices [Sec. 204(c)]
$7
Wool & mohair: payments for 1999 marketings at 20 cts./lb. for wool and 40 cts./lb. for
$10
mohair [Sec. 204(d)]
Cottonseed: 2000 crop year assistance (likely direct payments) to producers & first
$100
handlers [Sec. 204(e)]
Loan deficiency payments (LDP): wheat, oat and barley LDP benefits permitted if
$43
eligible acreage is grazed rather than harvested in 2000 and 2001; also, expansion of
$35
LDPs to those growing grains and cotton but not on AMTA land [Secs. 205 & 206]
Conservation: $10 million for the Farmland Protection Program; $40 million in cost-
$50
share or incentive payments to farmers for water & other conservation activities [Sec.
211]
Research: funding for various earmarked projects, such as construction of a corn-based
$51
ethanol research pilot plant, and carbon cycle research [Subtitle C]
Marketing: competitive grants to producers for value-added marketing [Sec. 231]
$15
Animal diseases: Texas boll weevil eradication loan losses($5 million); pseudorabies
$13
and for Michigan bovine TB control ($13 million) [Sec 251, 252]
Domestic nutrition programs: additional purchases of school lunch commodities and
$81
changes in other programs [Subtitle E]
Flood compensation: payments (capped at $40,000 per person) for 2000 losses due to
$24
floods on certain crop and pasture lands [Sec. 257]
TOTAL: (includes items not described above)
$7,113
Source: Estimates by CBO as published in June 20, 2000, transmittal to Congress.
Supplemental Funds in Pending Appropriations Bills
Final approval of the $7.113 billion farm relief measure does not preclude the possibility
that Congress might provide additional emergency assistance to the agricultural sector this
year, particularly if natural disasters severely affect crop production or if farm income
prospects worsen. Possible vehicles include various pending appropriations bills. The Senate
and House versions of the FY2001 USDA appropriation bill (S. 2536 and H.R. 4461) were
reported by their respective committees in May, and approved by the full House and Senate
in July. Approval of a conference agreement is expected during September. The Senate
version already contains supplemental farm spending for FY2000 including approximately
$443 for dairy market loss payments, $450 million for disaster feed assistance for livestock
producers, $450 million for crop disaster payments, $100 million for apple growers, and a
one-year extension of the dairy price support program now scheduled to expire at the end of
calendar 2000. The House version, which also extends the dairy program for one year,
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contains $115 million for apple and peanut growers. Whether these provisions will be
retained – or other supplemental assistance added – as the bill advances remains to be seen.
Other possible vehicles include a House-passed FY2000 supplemental funding bill (H.R.
3908), not taken up by the Senate, that contains some agricultural disaster aid, and an end-of-
the-session omnibus appropriations bill for FY2001, if needed because Congress has not
passed all regular appropriations bills by adjournment.
Other Long Term Options
Crop Loan Program Changes. The 1996 farm bill continued marketing assistance
loans for major crops, which are designed to facilitate marketing by providing short-term
financing to farmers. When market prices fall below the commodity loan rates (now capped
at 1995 levels), repayment may be made at the lower market price, instead of the higher loan
rate. The marketing loan gain is an income subsidy to the farmer-borrower. Farmers eligible
for, but who forego, the loans can receive loan deficiency payments (LDPs), equal to the
marketing loan gains. (See CRS Report 98-744, Agricultural Marketing Assistance Loans
and Loan Deficiency Payments.)
Several bills (S. 30, H.R. 1299, and H.R. 1468) would remove the caps imposed by the
1996 farm bill on loan rates for grains, cotton, and oilseeds. Also, S. 30 and H.R. 1299
would permit the Secretary of Agriculture to extend the term of a loan (now 9 months) for
an additional 6 months. H.R. 2704 (Minge), would restore the farmer-owned reserve (FOR)
for grain, which was suspended by the 1996 farm bill. The FOR effectively functions as a 3-
year extension of the marketing loan, during which time farmers might not accrue interest on
the loan, and also could receive storage payments under certain conditions.
Such loan proposals appeal to those who want more of a link between commodity prices
and government payments than is the case under Freedom to Farm. Eliminating the cap on
marketing loan rates was proposed but not adopted at the end of the 105th Congress, largely
because of the cost (then estimated at about $5 billion), its potential for reversing the
decoupled design of farm policy and, in some views, possibly exacerbating the oversupply/low
price problem — i.e., longer loan periods can lead to the build-up of more surplus stocks,
further lengthening the duration of depressed prices.
Payment Limitation. The 1996 farm bill imposes a per person limit on marketing
loan/LDP gains at $75,000 per year. This counts against all crops, not each one. (A separate
limit of $40,000 is in place for AMTA payments.) Low prices (below established crop loan
rates) mean large marketing loan/LDP gains for more farmers, many of whom will reach their
annual payment limit. There is no limit on quantity of commodities that a farmer can place
under loan and then forfeit to settle the loan obligation in order to circumvent the payment
limitation. However, few policy officials want to see the CCC acquiring forfeited grains,
cotton, or oilseeds.
The enacted farm relief provisions of Title VIII doubled the per-person limit on loan
gains to $150,000 per farm, for 1999 crop year loans only. H.R. 4895 would raise the cap
to $150,000 for crop years 2000 through 2002. Proponents contend that farm prices are so
low that even many medium-sized family farms will be reaching the payment limitations at the
time they most need assistance. Those who want to retain lower caps note that the
combination of marketing loan and AMTA payment caps already are effectively doubled by
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the “three-entity rule,” which allows for the full limit on the first farm plus half on each of two
additional farming operations. This, they argue, is already a generous government subsidy
— particularly when it is available regardless of a farmer’s financial situation. In February
2000, the Secretary approved the sale of commodity certificates to farmers for their use to
repay nonrecourse commodity loans. This was done to avoid forfeiture of commodities to
CCC. The action effectively eliminates the per person payment limitation on loan gains.
However, certificates have their own constraints and administrative requirements that make
them unworkable in some situations and burdensome in others.
Supplemental Income Payment Program. Representative Stenholm introduced, on
August 5, 1999, a bill (H.R. 2792) to establish a new system of supplemental income
payments for producers of crops eligible for marketing assistance loans — wheat, feed grains,
cotton, rice, and oilseeds. The payments would be made whenever the current year’s national
gross revenue for a crop falls below 95% of its previous 5-year average. A per-acre payment
rate would be calculated, based on the difference between 95% of that 5-year average and the
current year’s revenue per acre. This calculation would be used to set a per-unit payment for
each producer’s harvested production; in addition, the bill attempts to ensure that farms with
weather-reduced yields receive the same level of assistance as other participants.
Representative Stenholm unsuccessfully offered a version of his bill as an amendment to the
crop insurance legislation (H.R. 2259) marked up prior to the August 1999 recess by the
House Agriculture Committee. This proposal served as the conceptual framework for the
Secretary’s SIAP proposal.
Farm Income and Trade Equity Act. Senator Conrad on July 26, 1999, introduced
the Farm Income and Trade Equity Act (S. 1436), aimed at altering the basic long-term
provisions of the 1996 farm bill. This bill would permit farmers to forgo their AMTA
contract payments in exchange for a new, two-tiered system of subsidies. The first tier would
provide marketing loans for grains, cotton, and soybeans set at 100% of past market prices.
A second tier of “transitional international marketing equity” (TIME) payments would be
based on the USDA-calculated difference between the new loan rate and the level of support
received by European Union (EU) producers for the same crops. The payments would be
designed as a direct challenge to EU domestic farm subsidies, which in recent years have been
three to five times higher than the those in the United States. The Senator in 1999 tentatively
estimated the annual cost of the plan at $7 billion more than the current program.
Risk Management. Crop insurance (see above) is one method farmers can use to
manage their financial risk. Other examples include participating in the federal farm income
and price support programs, utilizing the private futures market to cushion themselves against
lower future prices, and entering into production or marketing contracts with food processors
or other buyers of their commodities. Earlier in the crop insurance debate, Senate Agriculture
Chairman Lugar had promoted his bill (S. 1666) that would have made a direct payment to
any producer who adopts at least two of a variety of risk management strategies. However,
his committee opted instead to focus on crop insurance program improvements as contained
in S. 2251.
Another risk management approach is the so-called Farm, Fishing, and Ranch Risk
Management (FFARRM) account, as proposed by Senator Grassley, included in the tax bill
adopted by Congress on August 5, 1999, but subsequently vetoed by the President (H.R.
2488). (See also H.R. 957, Hulshof, and S. 642, Grassley, and refer below to “Tax and
Regulatory Proposals”).
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Tax and Regulatory Proposals. The comprehensive tax relief bill H.R. 2488 (adopted
by Congress on August 5 but vetoed by the President on September 23) contained several
provisions of interest to farmers. Farm, Fishing, and Ranch Risk Management Accounts
(FFARRM), initially introduced in the 106th Congress as S. 642 (Grassley) and H.R. 957
(Hulshof), would have modified federal tax law by permitting farmers to set aside money in
higher income years without having to pay taxes on it until the money is withdrawn —
presumably in years when taxable income is lower. Also, in the tax bill was the acceleration
to 2000 of full deductibility of health insurance premiums (now set to take effect by 2003).
Farm organizations are supportive of H.R. 8, a pending measure to end estate taxes that, they
contend, make it difficult for farmers to pass their businesses to their children.
Producer interests such as the American Farm Bureau Federation also believe that long-
term improvements in farm income could be achieved if the federal government relaxed a
variety of regulatory requirements affecting producers’ costs. Overly stringent application
of the federal pesticide, endangered species, and water quality laws are often cited (although
supporters of these laws argue that changes proposed by agricultural groups would jeopardize
the health of consumers, natural resources, and the environment).
Competition Policy. Agricultural businesses, like other sectors of the economy, have
long been subject to organizational changes, including consolidation of processing and
production into fewer and larger operations; more vertical control of the various stages of
production, processing, and marketing; and the shift from open cash markets to closed
systems involving contractual arrangements between buyers and sellers. Many economists,
and many within the industry itself, believe that such changes effect more efficient resource
allocation, make U.S. agricultural exports more competitive on world markets, and benefit
consumers by providing a wider variety of lower-priced, and higher-quality foods.
However, many producers believe that these types of changes stifle competition, cause
lower farm prices and farm incomes, and force families out of agriculture. Concern about
structural change, and its potential to adversely affect many farmers, intensifies during periods
of low farm prices. Many farm groups have called on government to strengthen enforcement
of existing antitrust and competitiveness authorities, and/or to adopt new laws if necessary.
Both the House and Senate Agriculture Committees have held a number of hearings in
the 106th Congress on concentration and competition problems and policies, and several bills
have been introduced. For example, S. 2252 and S. 2411 both would provide USDA with
expanded authority to address business mergers in agriculture. S. 2252, along with H.R.
2829, would extend to poultry the same types of oversight USDA’s Grain Inspection, Packers
and Stockyards Administration now has over livestock markets. H.R. 3159 would impose
an 18-month moratorium on large agricultural mergers and acquisitions; S. 1738 and H.R.
3324 would ban the ownership of slaughter animals by meat packers. (See CRS Report
RS20562, Merger and Antitrust Issues in Agriculture.)
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